Q2, Module 1

Digital Electronics
Electronics 10

Ruel S. Bermudez, EdD

Digital Electronics
▫ An integrated circuit consist of elements connected
to each other to perform logic operations.
▫ They are usually referred to as logic or digital
circuit.
▫ Digital circuit are used to: control factory
machines, calculators, microcomputers, and other
electronic devices.
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What is a Digital Circuit?
▫ Electronic circuits are usually of two types:
1. Analog circuit
2. Digital curcuit

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 Analog Circuit
▫ It is a circuit in which in which the output
signal varies continuously in step with the
input. An example of this kind of circuit is one
that consists of a DC source, a potentiometer,
and a voltmeter in series. Adjusting the
potentiometer will produce different values on
the voltmeter. 4
Digital Circuit
▫ It operates with a digital signal whose value is seen
as either high or low. A high signal is usually
denoted by a logic 1 and a low signal by a logic 0.
Digital circuits are sometimes referred to as logic
circuits because they employ binary logic in the
processing of data. This means that the output of a
logic circuit implies a series of logic 1s or 0s.
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Logic Gates
▫ A digital circuit, whether simple or complex,
consists of logical elements called logic gates,
which perform logic functions on binary data.
▫ Logic circuits for digital systems maybe:
combinational or sequential.

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 Logic Gates
▫ A combinational logic circuit is a circuit which
consists of logic gates whose output is dependent
on the present input without regards to the previous
one.
▫ A sequential logic circuit consists of memory
elements in addition to the logic gates. The output
of such a circuit depends on the present as well as
previous inputs. 7
Let us study the different basic
logic gates that are used in
logic circuits.
 1. AND Gate
▫ The AND Gate is a logic circuit that has two or more
inputs and a single output. The output is 1 only when
all the inputs are 1. Otherwise, the output is zero.
AND Gates can have two or more inputs but just a
single output..
▫ The operation of a logic gate can be easily understood
by using truth tables wherein the inputs and the
corresponding outputs are shown. 9
Truth Table for a Two-Input AND Gate
Inputs Output
A B Y
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
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Truth Table for a Three-Input AND Gate
Inputs Output
A B C Y
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 1 0 0
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 0
1 1 1 1
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 2. OR Gate
▫ The OR Gate is a logical circuit that has an output of 0
when all inputs are 0. The output is 1 if any of the
inputs are 1.
▫ The operation of a logic gate can be easily understood
by using truth tables wherein the inputs and the
corresponding outputs are shown.

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Truth Table for a Two-Input OR Gate
Inputs Output
A B Y
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
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 3. NOT Gate (Inverter)
▫ The OR Gate is a logical circuit that has an output of 0
when all inputs are 0. The output is 1 if any of the
inputs are 1.
▫ The operation of a logic gate can be easily understood
by using truth tables wherein the inputs and the
corresponding outputs are shown.

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Truth Table for an inverter/OR Gate

Inputs Output
A Y
0 1
1 0

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4. NAND Gate
▫ The NAND Gate is a universal logic circuit because it
can be used to construct an AND gate, OR gate, NOT
gate, or any combination of these functions.
▫ The term NAND is derived from NOT AND.
▫ The expression for the output is given by Y=A•B

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Truth Table for a Two-Input NAND Gate
Inputs Output
A B Y
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
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5. NOR Gate
▫ The NOR Gate is another kind of universal logic
circuit.
▫ The term NOR is derived from NOT OR
▫ Like AND gate, the NOR gate can be used to form an
AND gate, an OR gate or an inverter.
▫ The expression for the output is given by Y=A+B
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Truth Table for a Two-Input NOR Gate
Inputs Output
A B Y
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
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 6. The Exclusive OR Gate
(XOR)
▫ An exclusive OR (XOR) gate produces an output of 1
only if both inputs are different.
▫ An exclusive OR gate can have only two inputs and a
single output
▫ The expression for the outputs is written as Y=A + B

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Truth Table for an XOR Gate
Inputs Output
A B Y
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
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 6. The Exclusive NOR Gate
(NXOR)
▫ The XNOR is a logic gate that is simply the
complement of the XOR gate.
▫ Similar to the XOR gate, an XNOR gate can only have
2 inputs and a single output

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Truth Table for an XNOR Gate
Inputs Output
A B Y
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
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Thank you
for
listening!
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