Compound Assignment Operators in C++

Simple assignment operator Compound assignment operator

X = X + 1; X += 1;
Y=Y–1; Y -= 1 ;
Z=Z+X; Z += X ;
P = P * item ; P *= item ;
N = N * (x + 1) ; N *= (x + 1) ;
Total = Total / (X+Y); Total /= (X+Y);
Hours = Hours % 13; Hours %= 13;

Programming Fundamentals 1
 Control Structures
(Selections)
Topics to cover here:

Selection statements in the algorithmic language:

 One-Way Selection
 Two-Way Selection
 Multi-Way Selection
 Nested Structures

 Selection statements in C++ language

Programming Fundamentals 2
 Selections .. cont.

 The selection statement allows to choose a set of

statements for execution.

 The selection depends on the validity of a condition

when the program is executed.

 The condition is a logical expression that has values

as true or false.

Programming Fundamentals 3
 One-Way Selection
:Syntax

In pseudo code In C++

IF (condition) THEN if (logical expression)

statements statements;
END IF

The semantics (execution) of this statement:

-If the value of the “condition” is true, the statements between IF .. END
IF are executed and the execution continues to the statement after END IF.
-If the value of the “condition” is false, the statements between IF .. END
IF are ignored and the execution continues from the statement that follows
END IF.
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Fundamentals
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 One-Way Selection

The following figure shows the execution of this

selection statement.

Condition false

true
statements

continue

Programming Fundamentals 5
 One-Way Selection .. Examples
Example 1:
Write an algorithm that takes an integer and prints its double
value if it is less than 50.
First, we have to analyze the problem to understand what is its
requirements and how to solve it.
1- Analysis stage:
 Problem Input:
- An integer, say n
 Problem Output:
- The double value of n
 Criteria
if n < 50, print its double value
Programming Fundamentals 6
 Example 1 .. cont.

2- Algorithm Design
ALGORITHM Double
INPUT n
IF ( n < 50 ) THEN
OUTPUT “The double value is “ , n * 2
END IF
OUTPUT “ Finished”
END

Programming Fundamentals 7
 Example 1 .. cont.

3- Testing the algorithm

n (n < 50)
12 ---
true
The output:
The double value is 24
Finished

Programming Fundamentals 8
 Example 1: C++ Program

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void main ( )
{
int n ;
cin >> n ;
if (n < 50)
cout << “The double value is “ << n * 2 << endl ;
cout << “ Finished “ << endl;
}

Programming Fundamentals 9
 Two-Way Selection
This statement chooses- statements to run- from two sets of choices.

:Syntax

In pseudo code In C++

IF (condition) THEN if (logical expression)

statements1 statements1;
ELSE else
statements2 statements2;
END IF

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Funamental
Fundamentals
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 Two-Way Selection .. cont.

 The semantics (execution) of this statement:

- If the value of the “condition” is true, the statements
after THEN are executed and the execution continues
to the statement after END IF.
- If the value of the “condition” is false, the statements
after ELSE are executed and the execution continues
from the statement that follows END IF.

- The following figure shows this execution:

Programming Fundamentals 11
 Two-Way Selection .. cont.

false true
condition

statements2 statements1

continue

Programming Fundamentals 12
 Two-Way Selection .. Examples
 Example 1:
Write an algorithm that takes two integers and prints the
smallest number with appropriate message.

1- Analysis stage:
 Problem Input:
- Two integers, say num1 and num2

 Problem Output:
- The smaller number

Programming Fundamentals 13
 Example 1 .. cont.

2- Algorithm Design
ALGORITHM Smaller
INPUT num1, num2
IF ( num1 < num2 ) THEN
OUTPUT “The smaller number is “ , num1
ELSE
OUTPUT “The smaller number is “ , num2
END IF
END Smaller

Programming Fundamentals 14
 Example 1 .. cont.

3- Testing the algorithm

num1 num2 (num2<num1)

9 3 ---
true
The output:
The smaller number is 3

Programming Fundamentals 15
 Example 1: C++ Program

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void main ( )
{ int num1, num2 ;
cin >> num1 >> num2 ;
if ( num1 < num2 )
cout << “The smaller value is “ << num1 << endl ;
else
cout << “The smaller value is “ << num12 << endl ;
}

Programming Fundamentals 16
 Example 2
Write an algorithm that takes prices of two items, if there total
is over 100 JDs, calculate a discount of 40% and tax of 16%.
Otherwise, calculate a discount of 20% and tax of 6%. Then
calculate the total price as: Total + tax – Discount.

1- Analysis stage:
 Problem Input:
- Two prices, p1 and p2

 Problem Output:
- The total price of the two items
 Criteria
check whither the total prices is over 100 or not.

Programming Fundamentals 17
 Example 2 .. cont.

2- Algorithm Design
ALGORITHM Total_Price
INPUT p1, p2
sub_total  p1 + p2
IF (sub_total > 100) THEN
Discount  sub_total * 0.4
Tax  sub_total * 0.16
ELSE
Discount  sub_total * 0.2
Tax  sub_total * 0.06
END IF
Total  sub_total + Tax - Discount
END Total_Price

Programming Fundamentals 18
 Example 2: C++ Program

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void main ( )
{ float p1, p2, sub_total, discount, tax, total;
cin >> p1 >> p2;
sub_total = p1 + p2;
if ( sub_total > 100)
{
discount = sub_total * 0.4;
tax = sub_total * 0.16;
}
else
{
discount = sub_total * 0.2;
tax = sub_total * 0.06;
}
}

Programming Fundamentals 19
 Multi Way Selection

 You can choose statement(s) to run from

many sets of choices.
 There are two cases for this:

(a) Multi way selection by nested IF

structure
(b) Multi way selection by SWITCH structure

Programming Fundamentals 20
 Multi Way Selection by Nested IF Structure

 The structure that contains another

structure of the same type is called a
nested structure.

 In the Nested IF structure, the statements

that exists between IF and ELSE or
between IF and END IF can contain IF
statement.

Programming Fundamentals 21
.Multi Way Selection by Nested If Structure .. Cont
:Syntax
In pseudo code In C++
IF (condition1) THEN if (condition1)
Statements1 Statements1;
ELSE IF (condition2) THEN else if (condition2)
Statements2 Statements2 ;
ELSE IF (Condition3) THEN else if(Condition3)
Statements3 Statements3;
ELSE IF (Condition4) else if(Condition4)
THEN Statements4;
Statements4
END IF
END IF
END IF

Note: The nest can be to many levels.

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Funamental
Fundamentals
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Multi Way Selection by Nested If Structure .. Cont.

True
Condition1 Statements1

False

True
Condition2 Statements2

Rest of
False algorithm
True
Condition3 Statements3

False
Statements4

Programming Fundamentals 23
Multi Way Selection by Nested If Structure .. Examples

 Example 1:
Write an algorithm that inputs a student mark and outputs the
corresponding grade, where grades are as follows:
mark grade
90-100 A
80-89 B
70-79 C
60-69 D
< 60 E

Programming Fundamentals 24
 Example 1 .. Cont.
1- Analysis stage:
 Problem Input:
- student’s mark, mark

 Problem Output:
- grade

 Criteria
- according to the previous grade table

Programming Fundamentals 25
 Example 1 .. Cont.
2- Algorithm Design
ALGORITHM Grades
INPUT mark
IF ( mark < 0 OR mark > 100 ) THEN
OUTPUT “ Mark out of range”
ELSE IF ( mark  90 AND mark  100 ) THEN
OUTPUT “A”
ELSE IF ( mark  80 ) THEN
OUTPUT “B”
ELSE IF ( mark  70 ) THEN
OUTPUT “C”
ELSE IF ( mark  60 ) THEN
OUTPUT “D”
ELSE OUTPUT “E”
END IF
END IF
END IF
END IF
END IF
END Grades

Programming Fundamentals 26
 Example 1: C++ Program
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void main ( )
{ int mark ;
cin >> mark;
if ( mark < 0 || mark > 100 )
cout << “ Mark out of range” << endl;
else if ( mark >= 90 )
cout << “A” << endl ;
else if ( mark >= 80 )
cout << “B” << endl ;
else if ( mark >= 70 )
cout << “C” << endl ;
else if ( mark >= 60 )
cout << “D” << endl ;
else cout << “E” << endl ;
}

Programming Fundamentals 27
Example 2: : Read three numbers to print the
smallest one.
#include <iostream.h>
void main() {
int a, b, c;
cout<<"\nPlease Enter three numbers:";
cin>>a>>b>>c;
cout<<"\nMin= ";
if ((a < b) && (a < c))
cout<<a;
if ((b < a) && (b < c))
cout<<b;
if ((c < a) && (c < b))
cout<<c;
cout<<endl;
}

Programming Fundamentals 28
Program2 (nested if)

#include <iostream.h>
void main() {
int a, b, c;
cout<<"\nPlease Enter three numbers:";
cin>>a>>b>>c;
cout<<"\nMin= ";
if (a < b)
if (a < c)
cout<<a;
else
cout<<c;
else
if (b < c)
cout<<b;
else
cout<<c;
cout<<endl;
}

Programming Fundamentals 29
:Note
 In some cases, you may need to use a
variable as the condition of an if
statement. But, how this variable will be
interpreted into the result of the condition?
We can use: If(x)

Programming Fundamentals 30
 Example:
{
int x;
cin>> x;
if (x)
cout << “x is any number but zero”;
else
cout << “ x is zero”;
}
Notes: - a value of 0, is considered false in this case, while all other values, either positive or
negative, are considered true.
- The same applies for float variables.
- Character variables always return true.

Programming Fundamentals 31
++Switch Statement in C
++Switch Statement in C
 Syntax
switch (selector)
{ case L1: statements1; break;
case L2: statements2; break;
…
default: statements_n;
}
 Semantics:

This statement has the same meaning as in the

algorithmic language.
Example 1: C++ Program
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void main ( )
{
int lab;
cin >> lab;
switch ( lab )
{
case 503 : cout << “ C++ “ << endl; break;
case 508: cout << “ C# “ << endl; break;
case 512 : cout << “ Oracle “ << endl; break;
case 514: cout << “ PHP “ << endl; break;
case 507: cout << “ Java “ << endl; break;
default : cout << “ MS Office “ << endl;
}
}
Example 2: C++ Program
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void main ( )
{ char ch ;
cout << “ \n Enter the grade of student: “<<endl ;
cin >> ch;
switch (ch) {
case ‘A’ :
case ‘a’ :
cout<<”Excellent”;
break;
case ‘B’ :
case ‘b’ :
cout<<”Good”;
break;
case ‘C’ :
case ‘c’ :
cout<<”O.K”;
break;
case ‘D’ :
case ‘d’ :
case ‘F’ :
case ‘f’ :
cout<<”poor”;
break;
default: cout<<”invalid letter grade”; }
}
Example 3: C++ Program
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void main()
{ int x,y;
cout << "Enter 2 integer number: ";
cin >> x>>y;
switch (x+y)
{ case 7: cout << "Too small, sorry!";
break;
case 5: cout << "Good job!\n";
break;
case 4: cout << "Nice Pick!\n";
case 3: cout << "Excellent!\n";
break;
case 2: cout << "Masterful!\n";
break;
case 1: cout << "Incredible!\n";
break;
default: cout << "Too large!\n";
}
cout << "\n\n";
}
Example 4: C++ Program
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void main ( )
{ char ch ; float radius, area, circum;
cout << “ Enter the radius of a circle: “ ;
cin >> radius;
cout << “ Enter a to calculate the area of a circle or c to calculate its circumference:”
cin >> ch ;
switch (ch)
{ case ‘a’ : area = 3.14f * radius * radius;
cout << “ Area = “ << area << endl; break;
case‘c’ : circum = 2 * radius * 3.14f ;
cout << “ Circumference = “ << circum << endl; break;
default : cout << “ Invalid letter was read “ << endl;
}
}
Convert IF into Switch
#include <iostream> #include <iostream>
using namespace std; using namespace std;
void main ( ) void main ( )
{ char degree; { char degree;
cout << “ \n Enter the temperature degree cout << “ \n Enter the temperature degree “<<endl ;
“<<endl ;
cin >> degree;
cin >> degree;
switch (degree >= 50)
if (degree >= 50)
{
cout<<”Very Hot”;
case true: cout<<”Very Hot”; break;
else if (degree >= 35 && degree <50)
case false:
cout<<”Hot”;
switch (degree >= 35 && degree <50)
else if (degree >= 20 && degree <35)
{
cout<<”Fair”;
case true: cout<<”Hot”; break;
else if (degree >= 0 && degree
<20) case false:
cout<<”Cold”; switch (degree >= 20 && degree <35)
else {
cout<<”Very Cold”; case true: cout<<”Fair”; break;
case false:
} switch (degree >= 0 && degree <20)
{
case true: cout<<”Cold”; break;
case false: cout<<”Very Cold”;
}
}
} } }
Increment and Decrement Operators in C++

Increment Operators Decrement Operators

1- Postfix operator: e.g. i++ 1- Postfix operator: e.g. i--
2- Prefix operator: e.g. ++i 2- Prefix operator: e.g. --i

 For postfix operators, the increment (or decrement) occurs after

the current value of the variable has been used.
 For prefix operators, the increment (or decrement) occurs first and
the new value of the variable is then used.
 Example
The following C++ statements has the effects as shown in the
comment:
i = 3; // initial value of i
k = i++; // assigns 3 to k and 4 to i
k = ++i; // assigns 5 to k and 5 to i
k = i-- ; // assigns 5 to k and 4 to i
k = --i ; // assigns 3 to k and 3 to i
Programming Fundamentals 40
Increment and Decrement
Operators
Simple easy easiest

x = x+1; x += 1 x++

x = x-1; x -= 1 x--

41 Programming Fundamentals
Example
Compute the following expression where:
z=3, x=2, y=2
Z+= ++x - y--;
Solution:

Programming Fundamentals 42