Python - Numbers

 There are three numeric types in Python:

 int
 float
 complex

 Variables of numeric types are created when you assign a value to them:

x = 1 # int
y = 2.8 # float
z = 1j # complex
x=1
y = 2.8
z = 1j <class 'int'>
<class 'float'>
print(type(x)) <class 'complex'>
print(type(y))
print(type(z))
 Integer

int, or integer, is a whole number, positive or

negative, without decimals, of unlimited length.

x=1
y = 35656222554887711
z = -3255522

print(type(x))
print(type(y))
print(type(z))
 Float

Float, or "floating point number" is a number, positive or

negative, containing one or more decimals.
 Example

x = 1.10
y = 1.0
z = -35.59

print(type(x))
print(type(y))
print(type(z)
Float can also be scientific numbers with an "e" to
indicate the power of 10.

x = 35e3
y = 12E4
z = -87.7e100

print(type(x))
print(type(y))
print(type(z))
 Complex
 Complex numbers are written with a "j" as the imaginary part:

x = 3+5j
y = 5j
z = -5j

print(type(x))
print(type(y))
print(type(z))
 Type Conversion

You can convert from one type to another with

the int(), float(), and complex() methods:

Note: You cannot convert complex numbers

into another number type.
x = 1 # int print(a)
y = 2.8 # float print(b)
z = 1j # complex print(c)

#convert from int to float: print(type(a))

a = float(x) print(type(b))
print(type(c))
#convert from float to int:
b = int(y) 1.0
2
#convert from int to complex: (1+0j)
c = complex(x) <class 'float'>
<class 'int'>
<class 'complex'>
 Random Number
Python does not have a random() function to make a
random number, but Python has a built-in module
called random that can be used to make random
numbers:
Import the random module, and display a random
number between 1 and 9:
import random
print(random.randrange(1, 10))

4
Method Description

seed() Initialize the random number generator

getstate() Returns the current internal state of the random number generator

setstate() Restores the internal state of the random number generator

getrandbits() Returns a number representing the random bits

randrange() Returns a random number between the given range

randint() Returns a random number between the given range

choice() Returns a random element from the given sequence

Method Description
choices() Returns a list with a random selection from the given sequence
shuffle() Takes a sequence and returns the sequence in a random order
sample() Returns a given sample of a sequence
random() Returns a random float number between 0 and 1
uniform() Returns a random float number between two given parameters
Returns a random float number between two given parameters, you can also
triangular() set a mode parameter to specify the midpoint between the two other
parameters
Returns a random float number between 0 and 1 based on the Beta
betavariate()
distribution (used in statistics)
Returns a random float number based on the Exponential distribution (used
expovariate()
in statistics)
Returns a random float number based on the Gamma distribution (used in
gammavariate()
statistics)
Returns a random float number based on the Gaussian distribution (used in
gauss()
probability theories)
Returns a random float number based on a log-normal distribution (used in
lognormvariate()
probability theories)
Returns a random float number based on the normal distribution (used in
normalvariate()
Method Description

Returns a random float number based on the von Mises distribution

vonmisesvariate()
(used in directional statistics)

Returns a random float number based on the Pareto distribution (used

paretovariate()
in probability theories)

Returns a random float number based on the Weibull distribution

weibullvariate()
(used in statistics)
 Python Casting
 Python is an object-orientated language, and as such it uses
classes to define data types, including its primitive types.
 Casting in python is therefore done using constructor functions:
• int() - constructs an integer number from an integer literal, a float literal
(by removing all decimals), or a string literal (providing the string
represents a whole number)
• float() - constructs a float number from an integer literal, a float literal or a
string literal (providing the string represents a float or an integer)
• str() - constructs a string from a wide variety of data types, including
strings, integer literals and float literals
 Integers:
x = int(1) # x will be 1  Strings:
y = int(2.8) # y will be 2 x = str("s1") # x will be 's1'
z = int("3") # z will be 3 y = str(2) # y will be '2'

z = str(3.0) # z will be '3.0'

 Floats:
x = float(1) # x will be 1.0

y = float(2.8) # y will be 2.8

z = float("3") # z will be 3.0

w = float("4.2") # w will be 4.2

Python Strings
Strings in python are surrounded by either single
quotation marks, or double quotation marks.

'hello' is the same as "hello".

You can display a string literal with the print() function:

print("Hello")
print('Hello')
 Assign String to a Variable

Assigning a string to a variable is done with the variable

name followed by an equal sign and the string:

a = "Hello"
print(a)
 Multiline Strings
 Can assign a multiline string to a variable by using three quotes:
 Can use three double quotes:

a = """Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit,

sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna
aliqua."""
print(a)
 Or three single quotes:

a = '''Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit,

sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.'''
print(a)
 Strings are Arrays
 Strings in python are arrays of bytes representing unicode
characters.
 However, Python does not have a character data type, a single
character is simply a string with a length of 1.
 Square brackets can be used to access elements of the string.

 Get the character at position 1 (remember that the first

character has the position 0):

a = "Hello, World!"
print(a[1])
 Looping Through a String

 Since strings are arrays, we can loop through the characters in

a string, with a for loop.

 Loop through the letters in the word "banana":

for x in "banana":
print(x)
 String Length

 To get the length of a string, use the len() function.

 The len() function returns the length of a string:

a = "Hello, World!"
print(len(a))
 Check String

 To check if a certain phrase or character is present in a string,

we can use the keyword in.

 Check if "free" is present in the following text:

txt = "The best things in life are free!"

print("free" in txt)
 Use it in an if statement:

 Example

 Print only if "free" is present:

txt = "The best things in life are free!"

if "free" in txt:
print("Yes, 'free' is present.")
 Check if NOT

 To check if a certain phrase or character is NOT present in

a string, we can use the keyword not in.

 Check if "expensive" is NOT present in the following text:

txt = "The best things in life are free!"

print("expensive" not in txt)
 Use it in an if statement:

 print only if "expensive" is NOT present:

txt = "The best things in life are free!"

if "expensive" not in txt:
print("No, 'expensive' is NOT present.")
 Slicing Strings
 You can return a range of characters by using the slice
syntax.
 Specify the start index and the end index, separated by a
colon, to return a part of the string.
 Get the characters from position 2 to position 5 (not included):

b = "Hello, World!"
print(b[2:5])
 Note: The first character has index 0.
 Slice From the Start

 By leaving out the start index, the range will start at the first
character:
 Example
 Get the characters from the start to position 5 (not
included):
b = "Hello, World!"
print(b[:5])
 Slice To the End
 By leaving out the end index, the range will go to the end:
 Example
 Get the characters from position 2, and all the way to the end:

b = "Hello, World!"
print(b[2:])
 Negative Indexing
 Use negative indexes to start the slice from the end of the
string:
 Example
 Get the characters: From: "o" in "World!" (position -5)
 To, but not included: "d" in "World!" (position -2):

b = "Hello, World!"
print(b[-5:-2])
 Modify Strings
 Python has a set of built-in  The strip() method removes any
methods that you can use on whitespace from the beginning
strings. or the end:
 The upper() method returns the a = " Hello, World! "
string in upper case: print(a.strip()) # returns "Hello,
a = "Hello, World!" World!"
print(a.upper())
 The replace() method replaces
 The lower() method returns the a string with another string:
string in lower case: a = "Hello, World!"
a = "Hello, World!" print(a.replace("H", "J"))
print(a.lower())
Split String
 The split() method returns a list where the text between the
specified separator becomes the list items.
 The split() method splits the string into substrings if it finds
instances of the separator:
a = "Hello, World!"
print(a.split(",")) # returns ['Hello', ' World!']
 String Concatenation
 To concatenate, or combine, two strings you can use the +
operator. Merge variable a with variable b into variable c:
a = "Hello"
b = "World"
c=a+b
print(c)
 To add a space between them, add a " ":
a = "Hello"
b = "World"
c=a+""+b
print(c)
 Format - Strings
 we can combine strings and numbers by using the format()
method!

 The format() method takes the passed arguments, formats

them, and places them in the string where the placeholders {}
are:
• Use the format() method to insert numbers into strings:

age = 36
txt = "My name is John, and I am {}"
print(txt.format(age))
 The format() method takes  can use index numbers {0} to
unlimited number of be sure the arguments are
arguments, and are placed into placed in the correct
the respective placeholders: placeholders:
 Example  Example
quantity = 3 quantity = 3
itemno = 567 itemno = 567
price = 49.95 price = 49.95
myorder = "I want {} pieces of myorder = "I want to pay {2}
item {} for {} dollars." dollars for {0} pieces of item {1}."
print(myorder.format(quantity, print(myorder.format(quantity,
itemno, price)) itemno, price))
 Escape Characters
Code Result

\' Single Quote

\\ Backslash
\n New Line
\r Carriage Return
\t Tab
\b Backspace
\f Form Feed
\ooo Octal value
\xhh Hex value