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Lecture 9

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30 views

Lecture 9

Uploaded by

Malik Yousaf
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Analog Meters

DC
Voltmeters
DC Voltmeter
• The deflection of a PMMC is proportional
to the current flowing through the moving
coil.
• The coil current is directly proportional to
the voltage across the coil.
• Therefore, we can calibrate the scale of
PMMC meter to indicate voltage.
• The coil resistance Rm is very small and
can measure very small voltage.
DC Voltmeter
• Therefore, an additional resistance is
required to increase the range of
voltmeter.
• As the additional resistor will increase the
range of the voltmeter, so this resistor is
termed as multiplier resistance.
• A multiplier resistance that is nine times
the coil resistance will increase the range
of voltmeter by the factor of 10.
DC Voltmeter
DC Voltmeter
Swamping Resistance
• As in case of ammeter, the change in Rm
with the temperature can introduce error in
a PMMC voltmeter.
• In this case, Rs tends to swamp coil
resistance changes because of the high
value of Rs in comparison with Rm
• Except the cases when Rs value is very
low.
• Rs will also be temperature sensitive to
some degree.
Voltmeter Sensitivity
• The voltmeter desgined in last example
has total resistance of 500kΩ.
• Since the instrument measures 50V at full
scale, its resistance per volt is

• This quality is also termed the sensitivity of


the voltmeter.
• The sensitivity of voltmeter is always
specified by manufacturer.
Voltmeter Sensitivity
• Voltmeter sensitivity is very important.
• The example indicting importance has
already discussed in lecture and the same
is appended in the next slides for recap.
Effect of Improper Use of instruments
Voltmeter Sensitivity
• Ideally, a voltmeter should have an extremely
high resistance.
• A voltmeter is always connected across, or in
parallel with, the points in a circuit at which the
voltage is to be measured.
• If its resistance is too low, it can alter the circuit
voltage. This is known as loading effect.
• Voltage Sensitivity ↓ means ↑ Error in reading
• Voltage Sensitivity ↑ means ↓ Error in reading
Multirange Voltmeter
• A multirange voltmeter consists of a
deflection instrument, several multiplier
resistors, and a rotary switch.
Multirange Voltmeter
Rectifier Voltmeter
• PMMC Instrument on AC
• As discussed earlier, the PMMC
instrument is polarized, its terminals are
identified as +ve and-ve, and it must be
connected correctly for positive deflection
to occur.
• When the alternating current with very low
frequency is passed through a PMMC
instrument, the pointer tends to follow the
instantaneous level of the AC.
Rectifier Voltmeter
• As the current grows positively, the pointer
deflection increases to a maximum at the
peak of the ac.
• Then as the instantaneous current level
falls, the pointer deflection descreases
toward zero.
• When the ac goes negative, the pointer is
deflected (off-scale) to the left of zero.
• This kind of pointer movement occur only
with ac having a frequency of 0.1Hz or
Rectifier Voltmeter
• With the normal 60Hz or higher supply
frequencies;
• The damping mechanism of the instrument
and the inertia of meter movement prevent
the pointer to follow the instantaneous
changing levels.
• Instead, pointer settles at the average
value of the current through the moving
coil.
Rectifier Voltmeter
• The average value of pure sinusoidal is
zero.
• So, if we measure PMMC directly to 60Hz
ac, it will indicates zero but there can
actually be very large rms current flowing
in its coils.
Rectifier Voltmeter
• There are two types of rectifier Voltmeters
1. Full Wave Rectifier Voltmeter
2. Half Wave Rectifier Voltmeter
Full Wave Rectifier Voltmeter
• Rectifier instruments use silicon or
germanium diodes to convert alternating
current to a series of unidirectional current
pulses;
• Which produce positive deflection when
passed through a PMMC instrument.
• The full wave passes the +ve cycle of
sinusoidal input waveform and inverts the
–ve cycles.
Full Wave Rectifier Voltmeter
• When the input is +ve, D1 and D4
conduct, causing the current to flow from
the meter from top to bottom as shown in
figure.
Full Wave Rectifier Voltmeter
• When the input is -ve, D2 and D3 conduct,
causing the current to flow from the meter
from top to bottom as shown in figure.
Full Wave Rectifier Voltmeter
• The circuit is using series connected
multiplier to limit the current flow through
the PMMC.
• The meter delfection is proportional to the
average current, which is 0.637*peak
current.
Full Wave Rectifier Voltmeter
• But he actual current or voltage to be
indicated in ac measurements is rms
quantity, which is 0.707 of peak value or
1.11 of average value.
• Since, there are direct relationships
between average, peak an rms values, the
meter can be calibrated to indicate rms
volts
Full Wave Rectifier Voltmeter
Full Wave Rectifier Voltmeter
Full Wave Rectifier Voltmeter
• Calculate the sensitivity of voltmeter in
second last example.

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