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Lecture13 String Processing

The document discusses string processing and regular expressions. It defines key string concepts like substrings, prefixes and suffixes. It describes the naive string matching algorithm and Knuth-Morris-Pratt algorithm. It also explains regular expressions with examples of common symbols, quantifiers and meta characters used in regex.

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25 views22 pages

Lecture13 String Processing

The document discusses string processing and regular expressions. It defines key string concepts like substrings, prefixes and suffixes. It describes the naive string matching algorithm and Knuth-Morris-Pratt algorithm. It also explains regular expressions with examples of common symbols, quantifiers and meta characters used in regex.

Uploaded by

Nguyễn Đình Tú
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© © All Rights Reserved
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String Processing

Lê Sỹ Vinh
Computational Science and Engineering
Email: [email protected]
Outlines

• String matching
• Regular expression
String
• String is an array of characters.
For example: S = “Matching is a string algorithms”

• Substring is a continuous part of a string


Example: s = “a string” is a substring of S.

• A prefix string is a substring of S that includes the first character of S.


Example: S = “Algorithm”
Prefix of S: A, Al, Alg,....Algorithm

• A suffix string is substring of S that includes the last character of S.


Example: S = “Algorithm”
Suffix of S: m, hm, thm, ithm...Algorithm
String matching problem

Problem: Given a short string (pattern) P and a long string S (text), determine whether
if the pattern P appears in the text S.

Example:
• S = “Hello to string algorithms”
• P = “algorithm”
Naïve string matching
Moving from the begin to the end of the text S, for each position determine if the
pattern P appears at the position.
Naïve string matching

Algorithm Naïve (P, S):


Let m be the length of S
Let n be the length P
For x from 0 to m – n do
if P = S[x…(x + n – 1)]:
return “P in S”
return “P not in S”

Complexity: O(mn)
Knuth Morris Pratt Algorithm
Idea: Whenever a
mismatch occurs, we
shift the pattern as far as
possible to avoid
redundant comparisons

Complexity: O(m+n)
Exercises on string
• Given a string, write an algorithm to determine all
duplicate words in the string.

• Given a string, write an algorithm to check if it


contains only digits
Regular expression
Problem: How to find patterns such as email addresses, URLs in a string or
text?
• A regular expression (regex) defines a pattern of characters with conditions:
Examples:
• “regular expression” matches exactly the text “regular expression”
• “oo+h!” matches “ooh!”, “oooh!’, “ooooh!”, etc.
• “colo?r” matches color or colour
• “beg.n” matches begin, began, begun, etc.
• The search pattern can be anything from a simple character, a fixed string or a
complex expression containing special characters.
• The pattern defined by the regex may match one or several times or not at all for a
given string.
Common matching symbols
Regular Description Example
expression

. Matches any characters /beg.n/ => “begin”, “began”,


“begun”
^regex Find the regex that must /^sit/ => “site”, “sitcom”
match at the beginning of but not “visit”, “deposit”
the string
regex$ Find the regex that must /ext$/ => “next”, “context”
match at the end of the but not “extra”, “extent”
string

[abc] Match either a or b or c /[fg]un/ => “fun”, “gun”


[^abc] Match any character /[^fg]un/ => “run”, “sun”
except a, b, c
[1-9] Match any digit from 1 to /any[1-9]/ => any1, any2
9
Meta characters

Regular Description Example


expression

\d Any digit, short for [0- /\d\d/ => “01”, “02” … “99”
9]
\D A non-digit, short for /c\Dt/ => “cat”, “cut”
[^0-9] but not “c4t”

\s A white space /get\sup/ => “get up”


character

\w A word character, /h\wt/ => “hAt”, “hot”, “h0t”, “h1t”


short for [a-z,A-Z0-9_]
Quantifier
Regular Description Example
expression

regex* Regex occurs zero or /buz*/ => “bu”, “buz”, “buzz”,


more times “buzzzzzz”
regex+ Regex occurs one or /lo+ng/ => “long”, “loooooong”
more times but not “lng”

regex? Regex occurs zero or /colou?r/ => “color”, “colour”


one time

regex{X} regex occurs X times /\d{3}/ => “016”, “752”


regex{X,Y} Regex occurs between /\w{3,4}/ => “int”, “long”
X and Y times but not “double”
Examples
Regular expression
for a password
Regular expression for a password
Regular expression
for an email

16
Regular expression for an email
Regular expression a URL

18
Regular expression a URL
Regular expression
for an IP address

20
Regular expression for an IP address
Regular expression
for a variable

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