21ST CENTURY

LITERATURE FROM
THE PHILIPPINES
AND THE WORLD
INTRODUCTION TO PHILIPPINE LITERATURE
Choose a word from the image and give a short idea about it.
WHAT IS
LITERATURE?
WHAT IS LITERATURE?
Latin w o r d "littera" which m e a n s "a l e t t e r o f t h e
alphabet".

According t o t h e website Britannica, literature is

t r a d it io na ll defined a s body o f written works
y
a s s o c i a t e d t o imaginative and creative works o f
p o e t r y a n d p r o s e and can b e classified according
t o variety o f s y s t e m s such as language, national
origin, historical period, g e n r e a n d subject m a t t e r.
WHAT IS LITERATURE?
Literature c a n either be in oral o r written form.

The p r o d u c t s o f written literature are called

literary text. A t e x t c a n b e considered literary if it
h a s t h e elements o f p s yc ho lo g ic a c ha r a c t e r iza t io
a n d chronology. l n
 CHARACTERISTICS OF A
LITERARY TEXT
it narrates a story;

it expresses feelings, thoughts, and ideas which can either be

based on the imagination or real-life experiences of the author
or other people; and

it delivers significant information and crosses boundaries of

time, places, cultures and languages.
LITERARY STRUCTURE
organizational m e t h o d used in literature in
which t h e m o s t common t y p e is t h e narrative.
TWO MAJOR FORMS

POETRY PROSE
POETRY
literary t y p e is usually
written in lines a n d is
c ha r a c t e r ize d by having
t h e element o f rhythm,
sound, imagery, a n d form.
Its main p u r p o s e is t o
express feelings, thoughts,
a n d ideas.
3 TYPES OF POETRY
a. Narrative Poetry.
This p o e t r y tells a
story and has the
elements of a
narrative such a s
c ha r a c t e r s , setting,
conflict, etc.
3 TYPES OF POETRY
b. Dramatic Poetry.
This is a n emotionally
appealing d r a m a written
in verse t h a t tells a s t o r y
a n d is intended to b e
r ec i t e d o r sung in f r o n t
o f t h e audience by a
c h a r a c t e r speaking in
poetry.
3 TYPES OF POETRY
c. Lyric Poetry. It is
t h e m o s t common
type of poetry t h a t
f o c u s e s on
expressing feelings
r a t h e r t h a n telling a
story.
ELEMENTS OF POETRY

In poetry, t h e r e a r e
four essential elements: form,
imagery, rhythm, and sound.
ELEMENTS OF POETRY: FORM
Form, in poetry, can be understood as EXAMPLES:
the physical structure of the poem: the
-Haiku
length of the lines, their rhythms,
their system of rhymes and repetition. -- Sonnet
In this sense, it is normally reserved -- Acrostic
for the type of poem where these -- Ode
features have been shaped into a -- Limerick
pattern, especially a familiar pattern.
- - Elegy
ELEMENTS OF POETRY: IMAGERY
Part of a poem or other literary work
that appeals to the senses (sight,
sound, taste, touch, and smell) in a
way that creates a vivid and
emotionally resonant picture for
readers.
ELEMENTS OF POETRY: RYTHM
The beat and pace of a poem. Created
by the pattern of stressed and
unstressed. syllables in a line or verse.
ELEMENTS OF POETRY: SOUND
Sound devices are special tools the MOST COMMON
poet can use to create certain effects SOUND DEVICES
in the poem to convey and reinforce
meaning through sound. - - Repetition
- - Rhyme
- - Alliteration
- - Assonance
PROSE
literary piece applies a natural flow o f
s p e e c h a n d grammatical s t r u c t u r e s which
a r e mainly consisting o f complete
s e n t e n c e s a r r a n g e d logically a n d
sequentially in a p a r a g r a p h form.
2 TYPES OF PROSE
a. Fiction.
ser v e s a s a p r o d u c t o f t h e writer's wild imagination a n d
creative thinking w h e r e t h e c h a r a c t e r s r e a c t t o t h e conflict
a n d various issues central t o t h e main idea o f a literary work.
2 TYPES OF PROSE
a. Fiction.
Its t h r e e t y p e s are: s h o r t story, novel, a n d novella. The main
g e n r e s a r e crime, fantasy, romance, science fiction,
western, inspirational, historical fiction a n d horror.
2 TYPES OF PROSE
b. Non-Fiction.
These a r e stories inspired by real e v e n t s w h e r e t h e writers
aim t o present, interpret, o r describe experiences b a s e d on
facts.
2 TYPES OF PROSE
b. Non-Fiction.
The judgments, opinions, and c o mm e nt a r ie s o f t h e writers
m a y b e p r e s e n t e d in t h e f o r m o f essays, journals, diaries,
f e a t u r e articles, editorials, a n d t h e like.
GENRE
refers to forms of literature (prose and poetry)
“may be determined by literary technique, tone, content, or
even (as in the case of fiction) length.
The mos t g e ne r a l g e n re s in lit e r a t ur e a r e (in loo s e
c hr onolog ic a l or d e r ) e p ic , t r a g e d y, c ome d y, a nd
c r e a t ive nonf ic t ion
GENRE
defined by the general cultural movement of the historical
period in which they were composed.
G en re s hould not b e c o n fu se d wit h a g e c a t e g or ie s , b y
whic h lit e r a t ur e m ay b e c la s s if ie d a s e it he r a d ult , young -
a d ult , o r c hild r e n's . They a ls o mus t not b e c onf us e d wit h
f or ma t , su c h a s g r a p hic nove l o r p ic t ur e b oo k.”
LITERARY FORMS
“to particular identifiable characteristics of a whole text.
They are not “used,” per se, by authors; they represent the
elements of storytelling which are common to all literary
and narrative forms
The common elements of a story are setting, character,
conflict, theme, point of view, and plot.
SETTING

The background against

which t h e incidents o f t h e
s t o r y t a k e place.
PLOT
Brief description o f the order of
events in t h e story. The chain o f
related e ve nts t h a t tells us w h a t
happens in a story.

C a n you please a r r a n g e t h e five s t a g e s o f plot?

RISING ACTION – RESOLUTION – EXPOSITION – FALLING
ACTION – CLIMAX
 FI VE S TA G E S OF P L O T
Climax Falling Action
The c lima x is t he p ivo t a l The falling action occurs
p o int in t he s t o r y w hen t he immediately after the climax
and details the consequences
p r o t a g o nis t d e a ls the
wit h -
- g o o d o r b a d -- th a t the
culmination of events.
c h a r a c t e rs m u s t d e a l
Rising Action with after the turning
The rising occurs when the point of
action main conflict is
events.
Resolution
addressed
problem or with a form of action. The tells us
Exposition resolution to the
The exposition is the beginning c h a r ahappens
what cters after the
of the story and prepares the conflict is resolved
way for upcoming events
PLOT
CHARACTERS
There must be living beings in the story that think or act in
order to keep the story going.

They must seem like living and feeling individuals in for

order
us to feel strongly about them.
Protagonist and antagonist are used to describe
characters.
CHARACTERS
The protagonist is the main
c h a ra c te r o f t he st or y, t he
one wit h whom t he r e a d e r
id e nt if ie s. This p erso n is
not n e c e ssa ry “g ood ”.
The antagonist is the in
force
opposition of the protagonist;
t his person m ay not b e “b a d ”
o r “e vil”, b ut h e/sh e op p ose s
t he p r ot a g onist in a
sig nif ic a nt wa y
THEME
The total meaning of the story. It does not have to be tied up
in a simple moral.

In many cases, stories are packages that allow readers to s e e

the outcomes of certain behaviors. Without a theme, the
story lacks meaning or purpose.
POV
The term point of view, or POV for shorthand, refers to who
is telling a story, or who is narrating it.

The narration of a story or novel can be told in three main

ways: first person, second person, and third person.
TRADITIONS
r e f e r s t o t h e specific t r a i t s o f literary works t h a t
define a generation o r period in history.

A literary tradition “is a collection o f works t h a t

have a n underlying interconnectedness and
c o h e r e n c e t ha t ma ke s t h e m m o r e t h a n simply a
group o f works sharing geography o r group.
 !
S HOR T H O W W E L L D I D YO U L I S T E N ?
Q UIZ
Instruction: Put F if the answer is False and put T if t h e a n s w e r is True.

1. The plot is the time and spot where the story occurs.
2. Latin word "littera" which means "meaning of a word"
3. Literature narrates a story but doesn’t expresses feelings,
thoughts, and ideas.
4. Re s olut ion- Ris ing Ac t ion- C lima x- Fa lling Ac t ion- the
Exp os it ion is
right arrangement of plot. (If false, what is the correct
arrangement?)
END M1.