Bahan Ajar SCM 09

Six Sigma Method, Statistical Tools, Qc Tools In
Operation Issues ( Supply Chain )

STATISTICAL TOOLS
• WHY STATISTICS?
THE ROLE OF STATISTICS IN SIX SIGMA..
• WHY STATISTICS?
WE DON’T KNOW WHAT WE DON’T KNOW 
IF WE DON’T HAVE DATA, WE DON’T KNOW
IF WE DON’T KNOW, WE CAN NOT ACT
IF WE CAN NOT ACT, THE RISK IS HIGH
IF WE DO KNOW AND ACT, THE RISK IS MANAGED
IF WE DO KNOW AND DO NOT ACT, WE DESERVE THE LOSS
• TO GET DATA WE MUST MEASURE
• DATA MUST BE CONVERTED TO INFORMATION
• INFORMATION IS DERIVED FROM DATA THROUGH STATISTICS
QC TOOLS
• Flow Diagrams
Also called process diagrams or process maps, this tool is the necessary first step to evaluating any manufacturing or
service process. Flow diagrams use annotated boxes representing process action elements and ovals representing
wait periods, connected by arrows to show the flow of products or customers through the process. Once a process or
series of processes is mapped out, potential problem areas can be identified and further evaluated for excess
inventories, wait times, or capacity problems.
QC TOOLS
• Check Sheet
Check sheets allow users to determine frequencies for specific
problems. For the restaurant example shown in Figure 8.5,
managers could make a list of potential problem areas based
on experience and observation, and then direct employees to
keep counts of each problem occurrence on check sheets for a
given period of time (long enough to allow for true problem
level determinations). At the end of the data-collection period,
problem areas can be reviewed and compared. Figure 8.6
shows a typical check sheet that might be used in a restaurant.
QC TOOLS
• Pareto Chart
Pareto charts, useful for many applications, are based on the work of
Vilfredo Pareto, a nineteenth-century economist. For our purposes here,
the charts are useful for presenting data in an organized fashion,
indicating process problems from most to least severe. It only makes
sense when utilizing a firm’s resources to work on solving the most severe
problems first (Pareto theory applied here suggests that most of a firm’s
problem “events” are accounted for by just a few of the problems). As
shown in Figure , the top two problems account for about 40 percent of
the instances where problems were observed. Figure shows two Pareto
charts for the problems counted in Figure . Note that we could look at the
total problem events either from a problem-type or day of-the-week
perspective and see that long wait and bad server are the two most
trouble some problems, while Saturdays and Fridays are the days when
most of the problem events occur. Finding and implementing solutions
for these two problems would significantly decrease the number of
problem events at the restaurant.
QC TOOLS
• Cause-and-Effect Diagrams
Once a problem has been identified, cause-and-effect diagrams
(also called fishbone diagrams or Ishikawa diagrams) can be
used to aid in brainstorming and isolating the causes of a
problem
7 QC TOOLS
• Scatter diagram
SCATTER DIAGRAM are beneficially because they can help
teams visually see the relationship between two factors
in a process
7 QC TOOLS
• HISTOGRAM
A histogram is a graphical display to visually show the
distribution of data or how often a different value occurs in a
data set. The benefit of using a histogram is to provide
information about variations in processes and assist
management in making decisions in an effort to continuously
improve processes.
7 QC TOOLS
• STRATIFICATION
What is meant by Stratification in Quality Management ???
is the division and grouping of data into smaller categories that
have the same characteristics. The purpose of using this
stratification is to identify the causal factors in a problem
SPC
• CONTROL CHART
A necessary part of any quality improvement effort, statistical process control (SPC) allows
firms to visually monitor process performance, compare the performance to desired levels
or standards, and take corrective steps quickly before process variabilities get out of
control and damage products, services and customer relationships. Once a process is
working correctly, firms gather process performance data, create control charts to monitor
process variabilities, and then collect and plot sample measurements of the process over
time. The means of these sample measures are plotted on the control charts. If the
sample means fall within the acceptable control limits and appear normally distributed
around the desired measurement, the process is said to be in statistical control and it is
permitted to continue; sample measurements and control chart plots also continue. When
a sample plot falls out of the acceptable limits, or when the plots no longer appear
normally distributed around the desired measurement, the process is deemed to be out
of control. The process is then stopped, problems and their causes are identified and the
causes are eliminated as described earlier. Control chart plots can then resume.
SPC (Statistical Process Control)
• CONTROL CHART
Population Vs. Sample (Certainty Vs. Uncertainty)
A sample is just a subset of all possible values population

sample, Since the sample does not contain all the possible
values, there is some uncertainty about the population. Hence
any statistics, such as mean and standard deviation, are just
estimates of the true population parameters.
X- Chart & R - Chart

EXAMPLE X & R CAHRT
The Hayley Girl Soup Co., a soup manufacturer, has collected
process data in order to construct control charts to use in their
canning facility. They collected 10 samples of four cans each
hour over a 10-hour period, and the data is shown below for
each sample:
EXCEL FILE
P- Chart
C- Chart
DMAIC
DMADV

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Six Sigma Method, Statistical Tools, Qc Tools In

Operation Issues ( Supply Chain )

A sample is just a subset of all possible values population

X- Chart & R - Chart

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