Data Retrieval (1) Topic 4 - 4.

Scope and Coverage

This topic will cover:
• Table and view structure in a relational database
• Data types
• Null values
• Retrieving data using SQL

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 Data Retrieval (1) Topic 4 - 4.2

Learning Outcomes
By the end of this topic students will be able to:
• Implement more complex relationships
• Describe how to retrieve data from one or more
tables using SQL
• Recognise and identify different data-types in SQL

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 Data Retrieval (1) Topic 4 - 4.3

Creating Tables from Entities

(some further issues)
• Representing tables

• Representing relationships
- One-to-many relationships
- One-to-many recursive relationships
- One-to-one relationships

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 Data Retrieval (1) Topic 4 - 4.4

One-to-Many Relationship
Attributes: Module Module Name
Module Code
Module Code(PK) QB210 Business Database Applications
1 Module Name QB251 User Centred Systems Analysis
QB313 Advanced Business Database
Applications
0...*

Module Student ID
Student on Attributes Code
Module Module Code (FK) QB210 M00002
Student No (FK) QB210 M00003
QB251 M00002
0...*

Student No Student
1 Name
Attributes: M00001 Amina Begum
Student Student No(PK) M00002 Sarah Aka
Student Name M00003 Dave Smith

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One-to-Many Recursive Relationship

-1 A student is a mentor to
potentially many other
students.
0...*
Student
1
StudentID Surname FirstName MentorID
22 Smith Dave
55 Singh Jagpal 22
76 May Emily 22

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One-to-Many Recursive Relationship

-2
A student is a mentor StudentID Surname FirstName MentorID
potentially many other
students. 22 Smith Dave
55 Singh Jagpal 22
Dave Smith is a mentor 76 May Emily 22
to two other students

Student (StudentID, Surname, FirstName, MentorID)

Primary Key StudentID
Foreign Key MentorID references Student(StudentID)

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 Data Retrieval (1) Topic 4 - 4.7

One-to-One Relationship

Student Portfolio
1 1

1. Mandatory on both sides

2. Mandatory on one side
3. Optional on both sides

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 Data Retrieval (1) Topic 4 - 4.8

Mandatory on Both Sides

Student (StudentID, Surname, FirstName, MentorID,
PortfolioID, PortfolioDate, PortfolioGrade)

The attributes belonging to the portfolio are in bold.

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 Data Retrieval (1) Topic 4 - 4.9

Mandatory on one Side of 1:1

• Entity that has optional participation is designated
parent entity.

• Student (StudentID, Surname, FirstName,

MentorID, PortfolioID)

• Portfolio(PortfolioID, PortfolioDate, PortfolioGrade)

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 Data Retrieval (1) Topic 4 - 4.10

Optional on Both Sides

• Arbitrary. Depends on semantics.

Student Studio
1 1

A student may have the use

of a single student. A studio
might be used by a single
student. Where does the FK
go?

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 Data Retrieval (1) Topic 4 - 4.11

Objectives of SQL
• Create the database and relation structures
• Perform basic tasks such as inserts, updates and
deletes
• Simple and complex queries

Structured Query Language

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 Data Retrieval (1) Topic 4 - 4.12

Data Definition Language DDL

• For defining database structures and controlling
access to data
- CREATE TABLE, CREATE INDEX , CREATE
SEQUENCE , GRANT ACCESS etc.

• Data Manipulation Language DML

- For retrieving and updating data
• SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE

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 Data Retrieval (1) Topic 4 - 4.13

Data Manipulation Language DML

• For retrieving and updating data

• SELECT
• INSERT
• UPDATE
• DELETE

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 Data Retrieval (1) Topic 4 - 4.14

Select branchID, Count(staff_id)

From workers
Where branchType = ‘Main’
Group by branchID
Having Count (staff_id) > 1
Order by branchID

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 Data Retrieval (1) Topic 4 - 4.15

What columns will appear

Select branchID, Count(staff_id)

From workers Which table

Where branchType = ‘Main’ Condition

Group by branchID Groups by some column

Having Count (staff_id) > 1 Value

Order by branchID
Restricts what will
Specifies the order of the result Be grouped

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 Data Retrieval (1) Topic 4 - 4.16

Literals
Insert into Student (Stu_id, First_name, Last_name)
Values (1,’Satpal’,’Singh’);

Non-numeric in single quotes.

Numeric NOT in quotes

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Select
SELECT first_name
FROM Students
WHERE Student_type = ‘Overseas’;

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 Data Retrieval (1) Topic 4 - 4.18

All the Columns or some of them

Select *
from Students
Where student_type = ‘Overseas’;

Select student_id, first_name, last_name,

From Students
Where student_type = ‘Overseas’;

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 Data Retrieval (1) Topic 4 - 4.19

Order by
Select first_name, last_name, stu_id
From Students
Where student_type = ‘Overseas’
Order by last_name;

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 Data Retrieval (1) Topic 4 - 4.20

Order by
Select first_name, last_name, stu_id
From Students
Where student_type = ‘Overseas’
Order by last_name desc;

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 Data Retrieval (1) Topic 4 - 4.21

Aggregate Functions - 1
• Count
• Sum
• Avg
• Min
• Max

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 Data Retrieval (1) Topic 4 - 4.22

Aggregate Functions - 2
• Count – returns number of values in a column

• Sum – returns the sum total of values of a column

• Avg – returns the mean average of values in

column

• Min – returns the lowest value in a column

• Max – returns the highest value in a column

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 Data Retrieval (1) Topic 4 - 4.23

Example of Aggregate Function

Select branchID, Count(staff_id)
From workers
Where branchType = ‘Main’
Group by branchID
Having Count (staff_id) > 1
Order by branchID
•This counts the number of members of staff in
main branches where there are more than 1 staff. It
groups them by the branchID.

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Group By
• As shown in the previous slide...

• This clause is used with an aggregate function and

groups the results by some attribute

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 Data Retrieval (1) Topic 4 - 4.25

Having Clause
• Modifies the group by clause
- Select branchID, Count(staff_id)
From workers
Where branchType = ‘Main’
Group by branchID
Having Count (staff_id) > 1
Order by branchID
• In this case only selecting groups where it has been
calculated by the count function that there are more
than one member of staff.

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 Data Retrieval (1) Topic 4 - 4.26

Sub-Queries
Select d.department_name, d.location
From departments d, workers w
Where d.dept_no = w.dept_no
And w.age =
(select max(w2.age)
From workers w2);

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 Data Retrieval (1) Topic 4 - 4.27

Joins
Select d.department_name, w.first_name,
w.last_name
From departments d, workers w
Where d.dept_no = w.dept_no;

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 Data Retrieval (1) Topic 4 - 4.28

Fixing Errors
• Not specifying join condition properly

• Syntax errors

• Spelling errors for keywords

• Columns not existing on tables

• Data-types being mixed up

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 Data Retrieval (1) Topic 4 - 4.29

Datatypes

• What is a datatype?

• What is a domain?

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 Data Retrieval (1) Topic 4 - 4.30

String Datatypes
• Character or Char
• Varying Character of Varchar
• Bit (N)

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Char or Varchar
• ‘Gary__’ a 6 long Char

• ‘Gary’ a 6 long varchar

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 Data Retrieval (1) Topic 4 - 4.32

Numeric Datatypes
• Numeric or Decimal e.g. 8.23 with point set

• Integer e.g. 8

• Float e.g. 8.23 but could also be changed so that

point moves when needed

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 Data Retrieval (1) Topic 4 - 4.33

Datetime Types
• Date

• Time

• Timestamp

• Interval

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 Data Retrieval (1) Topic 4 - 4.34

Null Values
• What are null values?

• Activity: think of all the different things that null

could represent.

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 Data Retrieval (1) Topic 4 - 4.35

Learning Outcomes
By the end of this topic students will be able to:
• Implement more complex relationships
• Describe how to retrieve data from one or more
tables using SQL
• Recognise and identify different data-types in SQL

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 Data Retrieval (1) Topic 4 - 4.36

References
• Connolly, T. and Begg, C. (2004) Database Solutions: A
step-by-step guide to building database, 2nd Edition
Addison-Wesley - Chapters 9 and 10
• Connolly, T. and Begg, C. (2004). Database Systems: A
Practical Approach to Design, Implementation, and
Management, 4th Edition. Addison Wesley - Chapters 5, 6
and 7
• Benyon-Davies, P. (2003). Database Systems, 3rd Revised
Edition. Palgrave Macmillan – Chapters 11, 12 and 13
• Dietrich, Suzanne W, (2001) Understanding Relational
Database Query Languages - Chapter 5

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