The word, ‘volcano’ comes from the name Vulcan, who was

the Roman god of fire.

Volcanoes are often cone-shaped, but they can take other
shapes too.
They are formed when molten, sticky rock called magma,
forces its way through a crack in the Earth’s crust.

The melted rock that spills out of the crater on the top of
the volcano is called lava. The lava destroys everything in
its path because it is very, very hot!
 GLOSSARY
Crater – a deep hollow at the top of a volcano
Caldera – when the volcanic crater collapses.
Crust – The top layer of the Earth
Eruption – the release of gases, magma and rock from a
volcano
Lava – melted rock that flows down the volcano
Magma chambers – the pockets where molten rocks found.
Magma – melted rock inside the Earth
Vent – a crack on the side of a volcano where magma can
escape
Lahar – volcanic ash landslides
 Where do
volcanoes
happen?
Most volcanoes
are formed on
land, but there are
some volcanoes
that are on the
ocean floor. Some
of these volcanoes Why does a volcano erupt?
emerge from the A volcano erupts when magma and
water because gases find a way to escape, so they
they are very high. burst to the surface through a vent.
An eruption can be quite gentle or
very violent.
 Three Types of Lava
• Basaltic lava- dark-colored and contains
water.
-rich in iron and magnesium.
-it forms igneous rock called basalt.
 Three Types of Lava
• Rhyolitic lava- light-colored magma.
- it contains iron, magnesium and
silica.
- it forms igneous rocks called
rhyolite.
 Three Types of Lava
• Andesitic lava- had a chemical
composition of both dark-colored and light-
colored.
-this lava formed andesite.
 Types of volcano
Volcanoes can be active, dormant or extinct.

• A volcano is active, or alive, when it erupts often.

• When a volcano is dormant, or sleeping, it has not
erupted for a long time – but it might in the future.

• A volcano is extinct, or dead, when it hasn’t erupted

for at least 100,000 years.
 Eruption patterns
There are three different levels of
eruption:

1. If it easy for the gases to

escape, then the eruption is very
gentle. However, the lava is very
runny and can move very fast.

2. Gas builds up and lumps of rock (‘bombs’) and ash burst

out of the volcano. This makes the lava thick and sticky.
3. This is the fiercest eruption
of all because the gases and
magma become trapped
inside the volcano. This
causes a huge explosion,
which can be big enough to
remove the top of the whole
mountain!
 Structures of Volcanoes
• Cinder cone volcano-built from pyroclastic materials
ejected from single vent.
-they have narrow base and steep sides.
-they are typical small volcanoes.
-an example is the Paricutin Volcano in Mexico
 Structures of Volcanoes
• Shield Volcano- are broad, slightly domed
volcanoes that are produced by the
accumulation of fluid basaltic lava.
-an example is the Taal Volcano in
Batangas.
 Structures of Volcanoes
• Composite Volcano- formed from a violent eruption that
ejects volcanic bombs, cinders and ash then followed
by the quiet eruption which produce lava flow.
- they tend to erupt explosively and pose
considerable danger to nearby life and property.
- an example is the Mayon Volcano in Albay.
Active Volcanoes in the Philippines
Volcano Province
Babuyan Claro Babuyan Island Group, Cagayan in
Luzon
Banahaw Boundaries of Laguna and Quezon in
Luzon
Biliran Leyte in Visayas
Bud Dajo Sulu in Mindanao
Bulusan Sorsogon, Bicol Region in Luzon
Cabalian Southern Leyte in Visayas
Cagua Cagayan in Luzon
Camiguin de Babuyan Island Group, Cagayan in
Babuyanes Luzon
Didicas Babuyan Island Group, Cagayan in
Luzon
 Volcano Province
Iriga Camarines Sur in Luzon
Isarog Camarines Sur in Luzon
Kanlaon Negros Oriental
Leonard Kniaseff Davao del Norte
Makaturing Lanao del Sur
Matutum Cotabato in Mindanao
Mayon Albay, Bicol Region in Luzon
Musuan Bukidnon in Mindanao
Parker South Cotabato/General Santos/North
Cotabato/Saranggani Province in Mindanao
Pinatubo Boundaries of Pampanga, Tarlac, and
Zambales in Luzon
Ragang Lanao del Sur and Cotabato in Mindanao
Smith Babuyan Island Group, Cagayan in Luzon
Taal Batangas in Luzon
 Did you know?

Mount Kilauea, in Hawaii, is the

most active volcano on Earth
because it has been erupting
since 1983!
 Effects of Volcanic Eruptions
GOOD EFFECTS:
•The high levels of heat and activity
underneath Earth’s surface can provide an
alternative source of energy (geothermal
energy)
•The lava and ash deposits after eruptions
provide valuable nutrients to the soil, making it
fertile and good for agriculture
•Volcanic eruptions may cause long-term
effects on climate and may cause global
cooling.
 Effects of Volcanic Eruptions
HARMFUL EFFECTS:
•Volcanic ashes and gases ejected into the
air may cause breathing problems when
inhaled.
•Volcanic eruptions cause damage to crops
and properties and may endanger the lives of
humans and animals near the area
•If ash and mud mix wit water, a fast-moving
mudflow, also known as lahar, may destroy
properties and also lives.
 LESSON 2:
GEOTHERMAL
ENERGY
 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
- Is the energy derived from the center of
the Earth.
- It comes from the Greek words geo which
means “Earth”, and thermal, which means
“heat”.
- Heat is captured and harnessed for
electrical power generation.
 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
- The energy has been used for years in
some countries for cooling, heating, and
other sources of electricity.
- Pacific Ring of Fire, also known as Circum-
Pacific Belt, is where 75% of the world’s
volcanoes.
- It is a major area where most frequent
volcanic activities and earthquakes usually
occur.
 GEOTHERMAL POWERPLANTS IN
THE PHILIPPINES
Geothermal Power Plant Location Total Installed
Capacity
(MWe)
Tiwi Geothermal Power Plant Albay 330
Mak-Ban Geothermal Power Laguna 425.73
Plant
Tongonan Leyte 722.68
Palinpinon Negros 192.5
Oriental
Bacon-Manito Sorsogon/ 151.5
Albay
Mindanao North 108.48
Cotabato
 CONVENTIONAL AND
VOLCANIC GEOTHERMAL
ENERGY
- CONVENTIONAL GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
-steam from natural resources such as geysers or high pressure depths
are used to drive electric turbines.
- VOLCANIC GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
-used the heat from supercritical water.
Supercritical Water- has greater energy than conventional steam
-produced when molten rock and water interact with each
other.
 ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES OF
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
More environment friendly May trigger earthquakes (a
than coal and fossil fuel result of digging)
resources
A renewable resources Located-restricted (power
plants must be built where
geothermal energy is
accessible)
 ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES OF
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
No fuel required Environmental concerns about
greenhouse emissions.
Efficient High investment cost for
geothermal systems.
Rapid Evolution (more Building of geothermal power
improvements are done to plants may affect the stability
mitigate its disadvantages) of a land