Lesson 2_Mathematical

Language and Symbols

Learning Outcomes
• Discuss the language, symbols, and conventions of mathematics.

• Explain the nature of mathematics as a language.

• Acknowledge that mathematics is a useful language.

 Characteristics of
Mathematical Language
 Language
• Facilitates communication and clarifies
meaning

• Allows people to express themselves and

maintain their identity
 Characteristics of the Language of mathematics
The language of mathematics makes it
easy to express the kinds of thoughts that
mathematicians like to express, it is:
• Precise (able to make very fine distinctions).
• Concise (able to say things briefly).
• Powerful (able to express complex thoughts with
relative ease).
 ENGLISH: nouns versus sentences
In English, nouns are used to name things we want to talk about (likr
people, places, and things); whereas sentences are used to state complete
thoughts.
• A typical English sentence has at least one noun, and at least one verb.
Ex. Anne hates mathematics.
• Noun: Anne & mathematics
• Verb: hates
 MATHEMATICS: expressions versus sentences
• The mathematical analogue of a noun will be called an Expression.

• Thus, an expression is a name given to a mathematical object of interest. Whereas

in English we need to talk about people, places, and things, well see that
mathematics has much different objects of interest.

• The mathematical analogue of a sentence will also be called a sentence.

• A mathematical sentence, just an English sentence, must state a complete thought.

MATHEMATICS: expressions versus sentences

Find the verb in the

given sentence:

English:
• is
Math:
• = (equal sign)
MATHEMATICS: expressions versus sentences

Define True or False:

English:
• T
• F
Math:
• T
• F
 Numbers have lots of different names
Example, the EXPRESSION:
•5 is a mathematical expression
•X is a mathematical expression
• 2+3 is a mathematical expression
• 1+2=3 is a (true) expression & a sentence
• (6 – 2) + 1 = 8is a (false) expression & a sentence
• X+1=3 is a (sometimes true / sometimes false) expression & a
sentence
• All look different , but are all just different names for the same number.
 Fill in the blanks. Identify(English, Mathematical
expression or Sentence) if sentence encircle the Verb.
1. Cat. __________
2. 2 ____________
3. The word “cat” begins with the letter “k”. ___________
4. 1 + 2 = 4 ____________
5. 5 – 3 ___________
6. 5 – 3 = 2 ___________
7. The cat is black _____________
 Fill in the blanks. Identify(English, Mathematical
expression or Sentence), circle the Verb.
1. Cat. English
2. 2 Mathematical expression
3. The word “cat” begins with the letter “k”. Sentence / begins
4. 1 + 2 = 4 Sentence / =
5. 5 – 3 Mathematical expression
6. 5 – 3 = 2 Sentence / =
7. The cat is black Sentence / is
 Conventions in the
Mathematical Language
Conventions of Mathematical Language
• Accepted rules and practice of spelling writing and punctuations.

• Symbols used in writing mathematical expressions and sentences,

including their meaning and rules in writing.
Numbers
• Symbols used in counting.
• Constant values
• Both real numbers and imaginary numbers
 Different Number System
• Babylonian
Number
System
 Different Number System
• Egyptian
Number
System
 Different Number System
• Roman Number
System
 Different Number System
• Hindu-Arabic
Number
System
 SETS
• A set is denoted with braces or curly brackets { } and label or name
the set by a capital letter such as A, B, C,…etc.
• A set that has no members is called the empty set which is denoted
using { } or ϕ.

Example of SET:
S = {4, 8, 12}
 SUBSET
It is a set which contains all the elements of another set.
1. Unit Set
Unit set is a set that contains only one element.
Illustration: A = { 1 }; B = { c }; C = { banana }
2. Empty set or Null set; ϕ
An empty or null set is a set that has no element.
Illustration: A = { }
A set of seven yellow carabaos
 SUBSET
It is a set which contains all the elements of another set.
3. Finite set
A finite set is a set that the elements in a given set are
countable.
Illustration: A = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 }
B = { a, b, c, d }
 SUBSET
It is a set which contains all the elements of another set.
4. Infinite set
An infinite set is a set that which elements in a given set have
no end or are not countable.

Illustration: A set of counting numbers

A = { …-2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, … }
 SUBSET
It is a set which contains all the elements of another set.
5. Cardinal Number; n
Cardinal number are numbers that used to measure the number
of elements in a given set. It is just similar in counting the total
number of elements in a set.
Illustration: A = { 2, 4, 6, 8 } n = 4
B = { a, c, e } n=3
 SUBSET
It is a set which contains all the elements of another set.
6. Equal set
Two sets, say A and B, are said to be equal if and only if they
have equal number of cardinality and the element/s are identical.
There is a 1 -1 correspondence.

Illustration: A = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5} B = { 3, 5, 2, 4, 1}
 SUBSET
It is a set which contains all the elements of another set.

7. Universal set
The universal set U is the set of all elements under discussion.

Illustration: A set of an English alphabet

U = {a, b, c, d, …, z}
 SUBSET
It is a set which contains all the elements of another set.
8. Joint Sets
Two sets, say A and B, are said to be joint sets if and only if they
have common element/s.
A = { 1, 2, 3} B = { 2, 4, 6 }

Here, sets A and B are joint set since they have common element
such as 2.
 SUBSET
It is a set which contains all the elements of another set.

9.Disjoint Sets
Two sets, say A and B, are said to be disjoint if and only if they
are mutually exclusive or if they don’t have common element/s.
A = { 1, 2, 3} B = { 4, 6, 8 }
 Relations
• A relation is a set of ordered pairs.

Functions
A function is a relation in which the element of the first set
(domain) corresponds to one element of the second set (range).
Example:
1. B = {(1, 3), (5, 7), (11, 13)} FUNCTION
2. C = {(2, 3), (2, 5), (3, 7)} MERE RELATION
 Greek Alphabet
• Usually represent constants in formulas in mathematics like physics,
chemistry, and other related branches.
Mathematica
l Symbols
Mathematica
l Symbols
Mathematica
l Symbols
Mathematica
l Symbols
Mathematica
l Symbols
 Other Mathematical Symbols
+ added to, sum of, plus, increased by
− subtracted from, less, less than, decreased by, difference
of, ago

* or x or ( ) or a raised dot of, multiplied to, times, product, twice, thrice

÷ or / or fraction divided by, ratio of, quotient

• Also include for Grouping like parenthesis ( ), square bracket [ ] and

braces { } for writing a mathematical expressions and sentences.
Binary Operations
A unary operation is for a single number and
assigns another number to it. Addition (+), subtraction
(−), multiplication (×), and division (÷) are examples of
binary operations. The word “binary” means the
composition of two pieces. A binary operation refers to
joining two values to create a new one.
Binary Operations
A binary operation * on a set of real numbers is an
operation or rule that combines two real numbers to produce
another real number.
a*b = c a, b, c € R
Example:
Other binary operations symbols:
3+2=5
Basic binary
4 – 8 = -4
operations *, △, ⊕, ⨀, ...
7x1=7
9÷3=3
Example 1:
A binary operation * is defined as a*b = 4a – b.
Evaluate: 3*2
Sol. a = 3 a*b = 4a – b
b=2 3*2 = 4(3) – 2
= 12 – 2
3*2 = 10
Example 2:
If x ⨀ y =x2 + 2y - xy
Evaluate: 5 ⨀ 3
Sol. x = 5 5 ⨀ 3 = x + 2y - xy
2

y=3 = 52 + 2(3) - (5)(3)

= 25 + 6 - 15
= 31 – 15
5 ⨀ 3 = 16
Closure Property:
Closure Property:
2. Commutative Property
2. Commutative Property
2. Commutative Property
3. Associative Property
3. Associative Property
3. Associative Property
Properties of addition and multiplication, as binary
operations, on the set of real numbers.
4. Identity Property
Addition: For any real number x, x + 0 = x. The number “0” is called
the additive identity.
Example: 78 + 0 = 78
Multiplication: For any real number x, x ∙ 1 = x. The number “1” is
called the multiplicative identity.
Example: 98 ∙ 1 = 98
Properties of addition and multiplication, as binary
operations, on the set of real numbers.
5. Distributive Property
For any two real numbers x, y and z, x(y + z) = xy + xz
Example: a(-x + y –z) = -ax + ay –az
Properties of addition and multiplication, as binary
operations, on the set of real numbers.
6. Inverses of Binary Operations
 Questions?
Clarifications?
 LOGIC AND
FORMALITY
(Fundamentals of Logic)
Learning Outcomes
• Define a propositional logic and its categories.

• Explain logical connectives and exemplify truth values of propositions.

• Transform logical statements into symbolic form (or vice versa).

• Construct truth tables of compound propositions.

• Classify compound propositions based on its truth value.

Learning Outcomes
• Logic – methods of reasoning that provide rules and techniques to
determine whether an argument is valid.

• Formal - an expression is completely formal when it is context is

independent and precise and it represents a clear distinction.

• Theorem – a mathematical statement that can be proven.

PROPOSITIONAL
LOGIC
Proposition (or Statement)
• any meaningful statement that is either true or false,
but not both.
example
• Manila is the capital of the Philippines
• 1+ 1 = 4
•x + y = 9
Propositional variables or statement variables is a
variable that represent propositions

Use letters to denote propositional variables ( p, q and

r)

p= today is Monday.
q= x + y = 3
Operations / Connectives
Simple Proposition – a statement that conveys a single idea.
Example,
p = Jonathan likes to play video games.
q = Jonathan always stays up late.

Compound Propositions – a statement that conveys two or more

ideas.
Example,
Jonathan likes to play video games and always stays up late.

p Logical Connectives q
1. Negation – read as “not” and has a symbol

Consider the following propositions,

p = Today is Monday.
q = The shop is closed.

Negations,
p = Today is not Monday.
q = The shop is not closed.
2. Conjunction – read as “and” and has a symbol

Consider the following propositions,

p = Today is Monday.
q = The shop is closed.

Conjunction,
p q = Today is Monday and the shop is closed.
4. Conditional – read as “If….then…” and has a symbol

Consider the following propositions,

p = Today is Monday.
q = The shop is closed.

Implication,
p q = If today is Monday, then the shop is closed.
3. Disjunction – read as “or” and has a symbol

Consider the following propositions,

p = Today is Monday.
q = The shop is closed.

Disjunction,
p q = Today is Monday or the shop is closed.
5. Biconditional Statement – read as “If and only if” and has a
symbol

Consider the following propositions,

p = Today is Monday.
q = The shop is closed.

Biconditional Statement,
p q = Today is Monday if and only if the shop is closed.
• p = You will pass the exam
• q = You study well

•p  q ?
•¬ p  ¬ q ?
• p = You will pass the exam
• q = You study well

• p  q = You will pass the exam if and only if you study

well.
• ¬ p  ¬ q = You will NOT pass the exam if and only if
you NOT study well.
Example
• p = it is very cold
• q = it is raining
• r = stay at home

• Write the following propositions using p, q and logical

connectives.
1. ¬ p ↔ q
2. ¬ p ˅ ¬ q
3. (p ˄ q) → r
Answer
1. ¬ p ↔ q = It is not very cold if and only if it is raining
2. ¬ p ˅ ¬ q = It is not very cold or it is not raining
3. (p ˄ q) → r = If it is very cold and it is raining, then stay at home
1. Negation – equal to the opposite truth value of the proposition.

2. Conjunction – only has a “True” truth value when both of the propositions are True. Otherwise, it has a
“False” truth value.

3. Disjunction – has “True” truth value when either one or both of the propositions has a “True” truth value.
Otherwise, it has a “False” truth value.

4. Exclusive Disjunction (Exclusive OR) – has a true truth value when exactly one of the two terms is true.
Otherwise, False.

4. Conditional – has a “False” truth value when the first proposition is “True” and the second preposition is
“False”. Otherwise, it has a “True” truth value.

5. Biconditional Statement– has a “True” truth value when both propositions share the same truth value.
Otherwise, it has a “False” truth value.
Truth Table for Negation
1. Negation – equal to the opposite truth value of the proposition.

P ¬p
F T
T
F
Truth Table for Negation
1. Negation – equal to the opposite truth value of the proposition.

P ¬p
0 1
1
0
Truth Table for Conjunction
The conjunction p^q is true when both p and q
are true and is false otherwise.
p q p^q
F F F
F T
T F F
T T F
T
Truth Table for Conjunction
The conjunction p^q is 1 when both p and q are 1
and is 0 otherwise.
p q p^q
0 0 0
0 1
1 0
0
1 1 0
1
Truth Table for Disjunction
The Disjunction p ˅ q is false when both p and q
are false and is true otherwise.
p q p˅q
F F F
F T T
T F T
T T T
Truth Table for Disjunction
The Disjunction p ˅ q is 0 when both p and q are
0 and is 1 otherwise.
p q p˅q
0 0 0
0 1
1 0
1
1 1 1
1
Truth Table for Exclusive OR
4. Exclusive Disjunction (Exclusive OR) – has a true truth value when exactly one of the two terms is true. Otherwise, False.

p q pq
F F F
F T
T
T F
T
T T
F
Truth Table for Exclusive OR
4. Exclusive Disjunction (Exclusive OR) – has a "1" value when exactly one of the two terms is "1". Otherwise, "0".

p q pq
0 0 0
0 1
1
1 0
1
1 1
0
 Truth Table for Conditional
It is false when p is true and q is false, and true otherwise. All
four of the statements are true. Remember, the only way for an
implication to be false is for the if part to be true and the then part to be
false.
p q pq
F F T
F T T
T F
F
T T
T
Truth Table for Conditional
It is 0 when p is 1 and q is 0, and 1 otherwise.

p q pq
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0
0
1 1
1
Truth Table for Biconditional
5. Biconditional Statement– has a “True” truth value when both propositions share the same truth value. Otherwise, it
has a “False” truth value.

p q pq
F F T
F T
T F F
T T F
T
Truth Table for Biconditional
5. Biconditional Statement– has a “1” value when both operands share the same value. Otherwise, it has a “0” value.

p q pq
0 0 1
0 1
0
1 0
1 1 0
1
 L
N N N R AL NA
I O TI O TI O E O N TI O
G AT UNC UNC USI V DI TIO DI
NE N J
DI SJ CL N CON
CO EX CO B I
p q ~p p^q p˅q pq pq pq

F F T F F F T T
F T T F T T T F
T F F F T T F F
T T F T T F T T
 L
N N N R AL NA
I O TI O TI O E O N TI O
G AT UNC UNC USI V DI TIO DI
NE N J
DI SJ CL N CON
CO EX CO B I
p q ~p p^q p˅q pq pq pq

0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0
1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1
 Questions?
Clarifications?
Example 1:
Construct the truth table of the
compound proposition

p(¬ p ^ q)
p (¬ p ^ q)
p q ¬p ¬p ˄ q p → (¬p ˄ q)
F F T F T
F T T T T
T F F F F
T T F F F
p (¬ p ^ q) checking
p q ¬p ¬p ˄ q p → (¬p ˄ q)
0 0 1 0 1
0 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 0
Example 2:
• Consider the sentence “if either the Pirates or
the Cubs lose and the Giants win, then the
Dodgers will be out of the first place and,
moreover, I will lose the bet”.
Example 2: Answer
• Consider the sentence “if either the Pirates or
the Cubs lose and the Giants win, then the
Dodgers will be out of the first place and,
moreover, I will lose the bet”.

•( )→ ( )
Example 2: Answer
• Consider the sentence “if either the Pirates or
the Cubs lose and the Giants win, then the
Dodgers will be out of the first place and,
moreover, I will lose the bet”.

•(p ˅ c )→ ( )
Example 2: Answer
• Consider the sentence “if either the Pirates or
the Cubs lose and the Giants win, then the
Dodgers will be out of the first place and,
moreover, I will lose the bet”.

•((p ˅ c)˄ g )→ ( )
Example 2: Answer
• Consider the sentence “if either the Pirates or
the Cubs lose and the Giants win, then the
Dodgers will be out of the first place and,
moreover, I will lose the bet”.

•((p ˅ c)˄ g )→ (d ˄ )
Example 2: Answer
• Consider the sentence “if either the Pirates or
the Cubs lose and the Giants win, then the
Dodgers will be out of the first place and,
moreover, I will lose the bet”.

•((p ˅ c)˄ g )→ (d ˄ g)
 TAUTOLOGY,
CONTRADICTION and
CONTINGENCY
Tautology
• A compound proposition that is always true, no matter
what the truth values of the propositions that occur in it.
Example 1:
• Mohan will go home or Mohan will not go home.
m ¬m m ˅ ¬m m ¬m m ˅ ¬m
0 1 1 F T T
1 0 1 T F T
Tautology
• A compound proposition that is always true, no matter
what the truth values of the propositions that occur in it.
Example 2:
• He is healthy or he is not healthy.
h ¬h h ˅ ¬h h ¬h h ˅ ¬h
0 1 1 F T T
1 0 1 T F T
Contradiction
• A compound proposition that is always false, no matter
what the truth values of the propositions that occur in it.
Example 1:
• Mohan will go home and Mohan will not go home.
m ¬m m ˄ ¬m m ¬m m ˄ ¬m
0 1 0 F T F
1 0 0 T F F
Contingency
• A compound proposition that is neither a tautology nor
a contradiction (sometimes TRUE and sometimes FALSE).
Example:
p q p˅q
•p ˅ q
F F F
• ¬r ˄ ¬s F T T
• p ˄ ¬s T F T
• ¬q ˅ r T T T
 Questions?
Clarifications?
Thank you for listening!
Determine if the given statement is a
tautology, contradiction or neither.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Thank you for listening!