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L0 - File Permissions and Simple Examp

The document discusses file permissions and the chmod command for changing permissions. It also provides examples of using chmod to set permissions for users, groups and others using numeric codes or letters. The document also gives an example of a simple shell script and how to execute it.

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gauri Varshney
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15 views10 pages

L0 - File Permissions and Simple Examp

The document discusses file permissions and the chmod command for changing permissions. It also provides examples of using chmod to set permissions for users, groups and others using numeric codes or letters. The document also gives an example of a simple shell script and how to execute it.

Uploaded by

gauri Varshney
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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File Management with Shell

Commands
The verbose listing shows the file permissions of a given file:
-rwxr-xr-x
• directories have a "d" in the first column
• regular files have a "-".
• the remaining 9 characters indicate owner, group, and world
permissions of the file
• An "r" indicates it's readable
• "w" is writable,
• "x" is executable
A dash in the column instead of a letter means that particular
permission is turned off.
LIN 6932 1
File Management with Shell
Commands
r readable
w writable
x executable
- permission is turned off
-rwxr-xr-x
a plain file that is read-write-execute by the owner, and read-
execute by group and world.
drwx------
a directory that is read-write-execute by owner, and group and
world have no permissions at all.

LIN 6932 2
File Management with Shell
Commands
% chmod [permissions] [file]
Changes the permissions of the named file.
You can use numbers:
% chmod 755 index.html

The first number translates to permissions by the owner. The second is permissions for the group.
The third is permissions for everyone.
Number Perms
0 --- no permissions
1 --x executable only
2 -w- writable only
3 -wx writable and executable
4 r--- readable only
5 r-x readable and executable
6 rw- readable and writable
7 rwx readable, writable, and executable
LIN 6932 3
File Management with Shell
Commands
A second way of setting permissions is with letters:

% chmod u+rwx index.html


% chmod go+rx index.html

u is the owner's ("user's") permissions


g is the group permissions
o is "other" or world permissions.

The + sign turns the stated permissions on;


the — sign turns them off
If you want to change a file so that it's group writable, but not readable or executable,
you'd do:
% chmod g+w,g-rx index.html

LIN 6932 4
Example of a simple shell script
# This script displays the date, time,
# username and current directory.
echo "Date and time is:"
date
echo "Your username is: `whoami`"
echo "Your current directory is:"
pwd

LIN 6932 5
Example of a simple shell script
# This script displays the date, time,
# username and current directory.

lines beginning with a hash (#) are comments and are not interpreted
by the Shell.

LIN 6932 6
Example of a simple shell script
# This script displays the date, time,
# username and current directory.
echo "Date and time is:"

• When used as a Shell command echo echo prints its argument


• When echoing multiple words, they must be placed within
quotes (single or double)

LIN 6932 7
Example of a simple shell script
# This script displays the date, time,
# username and current directory.
echo "Date and time is:"
date
echo "Your username is: `whoami`"

The backquotes (`) around the command whoami illustrate the use
of COMMAND SUBSTITUTION: To include the output from one
command within the command line for another command, enclose
the command whose output is to be included within `backquotes`.

LIN 6932 8
Executing the shell script
• Before using a file as a shell script you must change its access
permissions so that you have execute permission on the file,
otherwise the error message Permission deniedis displayed.

• To give yourself execute permission for the file containing the


script use the command:

% chmod u+rwx display

• To run the shell script, simply type its name at the prompt. The
commands in the script will then execute one at a time as
though you were typing them in at the terminal.
LIN 6932 9
Executing the shell script
% chmod u-x display
% display
display: Permission denied.

LIN 6932 10

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