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Endocrine System

The document discusses the endocrine system, including the glands, hormones, modes of action, classification of hormones, and feedback mechanisms. It provides details on the roles of various hormones and how they regulate processes in the body through feedback loops like negative and positive feedback.

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pranutan739
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26 views

Endocrine System

The document discusses the endocrine system, including the glands, hormones, modes of action, classification of hormones, and feedback mechanisms. It provides details on the roles of various hormones and how they regulate processes in the body through feedback loops like negative and positive feedback.

Uploaded by

pranutan739
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

By
Nutan Prakash
Asstt. Professor
Department of Biotechnology
Shree M. & N. Virani Science College
Endocrine System
 The endocrine system is a chemical coordination system in the
body comprising of endocrine glands, their hormones and their
modes of action.
 It is directly or indirectly under the control of the nervous system
so, the two systems are often collectively called as Neuro-
endocrine system.
 Endocrine glands are glands of the endocrine system which
secretes informational molecules or hormones that are poured
into venous blood or lymph for reaching the target organ because
the gland is not connected with the target organ by any duct.
Endocrine gland is, therefore also called ductless gland.
 Earnest H Starling coined the term ‘hormone’.
 The first discovered hormone was secretin.
 The first isolated hormone was insulin.
 Hormones
 have low molecular weight and are effective in very low
concentration (even in picogram).
 accelerate or inhibit specific physiological process.
 Produced in inactive form prehormone or prohormone which
are later converted into active hormones.
 Excess or deficiency leads to disorders.
 A Hormone is a chemical released by a cell or a gland in one part
of the body that sends out messages that affect cells in other parts of
the organism.
 Endocrine Hormones are secreted directly into the bloodstream,
whereas
 Exocrine Hormones are secreted directly into a duct, and, from
the duct, they flow either into the bloodstream or from cell to cell
by diffusion in a process known as paracrine signaling.
 System of ductless glands, Regulates body functions via hormones
secreted into the bloodstream.
 paracrine is describing a hormone or other
secretion released from endocrine cells into the
surrounding tissue rather than into the bloodstream
while exocrine is producing external secretions
that are released through a duct.
Common terms
 Autocrine: hormones that act on the cell that produced them.
 Paracrine: local hormones diffuse a short distance to other
cells.
 Endocrine: hormones are secreted into the blood and acts at
long distance, no ducts.
 Exocrine: non hormone secretion into ducts to external
environment.
 Hormones produced by the autocrine and paracrine are
restricted to working within the cytoplasm of the cell where
exocrine and endocrine hormones move within the body of
the organism.
Classification of Hormones
 Amino acid derivative hormones: The hormones
epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and
thyroxine are derived from the amino acid tyrosine.
 Peptide hormones: The hormones oxytocin and vasopressin
(ADH) are composed of peptides.
 Protein (Polypeptide) hormones: The somatotropic,
thyrotropic and gonadotropic hormones, insulin, glucagon,
parathormone. human chorionic gonadotropin, human
chorionic somatomammotropin (HCS) and relaxin are made
up of proteins.
 Steroid hormones: The hormones secreted by the adrenal
cortex, testes and ovaries are composed of steroids. Placental
estradiol and progesterone are also steroid hormones.
Classification of Hormones

Hormone

Amino Peptide Steroid


acid hormone Protein hormone
derivative hormone Hormones
Oxytocin
Adrenaline Insulin secreted by
vasopressi adrenal cortex
Noradrenaline n Glucagon
Testes
Thyroxin Parathormone ovaries
hCG
relaxin
Role of hormones in homeostasis
 Homeostasis means keeping the internal environment of the
body constant. Hormones help in maintaining internal
environment of the body.
 When the secretion of hormones is under the control of factors or
other hormones it is called feedback control. Feedback control is
of two types:
 positive feedback control and
 negative feedback control.
Mode of action of Hormones
 Most hormones are steroid or amino acid-based. Hormones alter
cell activity by stimulating or inhibiting characteristic cellular
processes of their target cells.
 A target cell responds to a hormone because it bears receptors for
the hormone. Hormone receptors are found either on the surface
of the cell or within the cell (cytoplasm) depending on the type
of hormone.
 In very basic terms binding of hormone to receptor triggers a
cascade of reactions within the cell that affect function.
 Cell responses to hormones stimulation may involve changes in
membrane permeability, enzyme synthesis, activation, or
inhibition, secretory activity, gene activation and mitosis.
A. Through Intracellular receptors

 Steroid hormones are lipophilic in nature and can easily pass across
the plasma membrane of target cell.
 They act through the intracellular receptor located either in the cytosol
or the nucleus.
 The hormone-receptor complex binds to specific regions on the DNA
called hormone responsive element and causes increased expression of
specific genes.
 It is believed that the interaction of hormone receptor complex with
HRE promotes initiation and, to a lesser extent, elongation and
B. Through extra cellular receptors

 Some hormone bind to cell surface (plasma membrane) receptors


and stimulate the release of certain molecules, namely the second
messengers which in turn, perform biochemical functions.
 Thus, hormones themselves are the first messengers.
 The second messenger is cAMP e.g. ACTH, FSH, LH, PTH,
glucagon, calcitonin.
 The second messenger is phosphatidylinositol/ calcium eg. TRH,
GnRH, gastrin, CCK.
OTHER ENDOCRINE TISSUES

 KIDNEYS: Renal Erythropoietin factor: erythropoietin

 HEART: Atrial Natriuretic factor (ANF)

 GIT: Stomach gastrin, enteric gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin,


enterokinin, gastric inhibiting hormone

 PLACENTA: Human chorionic gonadotropin, oestrogen,


progesterone, relaxin.
Feedback Mechanism of Hormone Regulation

 Hormones control many cell activities, so they are


very important for homeostasis. But what controls
the hormones themselves? Most hormones are
regulated by feedback mechanisms.
 A feedback mechanism is a loop in which a
product feeds back to control its own production.
Most hormone feedback mechanisms
involve negative feedback loops. Negative
feedback keeps the concentration of a hormone
within a narrow range.
1. Negative Feedback

 Negative feedback occurs when a product feeds


back to decrease its own production. This type of
feedback brings things back to normal whenever
they start to become too extreme. The thyroid gland
is a good example of this type of regulation.
 The hypothalamus secretes thyrotropin-releasing hormone, or TRH.
 TRH stimulates the pituitary gland to produce thyroid-stimulating
hormone, or TSH.
 TSH, in turn, stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete its hormones. When
the level of thyroid hormones is high enough, the hormones feedback to
stop the hypothalamus from secreting TRH and the pituitary from
secreting TSH.
 Without the stimulation of TSH, the thyroid gland stops secreting its
hormones. Soon, the level of thyroid hormone starts to fall too low.
Positive feedback

 Positive feedback occurs when a product feeds


back to increase its own production. This causes
conditions to become increasingly extreme. An
example of positive feedback is milk production by
a mother for her baby. As the baby suckles, nerve
messages from the nipple cause the pituitary gland
to secrete prolactin. Prolactin, in turn, stimulates
the mammary glands to produce milk, so the baby
suckles more. This causes more prolactin to be
secreted and more milk to be produced.

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