Week 6

Review of Week 5
Gradient:



or


Directional Derivative (slope of the tangent line)


or
( )
, ,
f f
f x y
x y
c c
V =
c c
( )
, , , ,
f f f
f x y z
x y z
c c c
V =
c c c
( ) ( )
, , D f a b f a b =V
u
u
( ) ( )
, , , , D f a b c f a b c =V
u
u
Review of Week 5
Equation the tangent plane



Parametric equation for normal line







Symmetric equation
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
, , , , , , 0
x y z
f a b c x a f a b c y b f a b c z c + + =
( )
( )
( )
, ,
, ,
, ,
x
y
z
x a f a b c t
y b f a b c t
z c f a b c t
= +
= +
= +
x y z
x a y b z c
f f f

= =
Double Integral
Important double integrals in Engineering:
compute the mass
moment of inertia

Recall:
area below the curve
can be definite or indefinite
( )
A f x dx = =
}
For any function f defined on the interval [a, b], the
definite integral of f on [a, b] is



provided the limit exists and is the same for all
choices of the evaluation points c
i
[x
i1
, x
i
], for i =
1, 2, . . . , n.

In this case, we say that f is integrable on [a, b].

P (the norm of the partition) is the largest of all
the
x
i
s.
Definition 1.1 (13.1 p. 911)
Geometrical meaning of a double integral: the volume
between the plane and a surface
xy
) , ( y x f z =
The region of integration plays a fundamental role R
) , ( y x f z =
R
Double Integrals
Double Integrals
Slice the volume in both directions, sum all the
volumes and send each base size to zero
For any function f defined on the rectangle
R = {(x, y)|a x b and c y d}, we define the
double integral of f over R by



provided the limit exists and is the same for every
choice of the evaluation points (u
i
, v
i
) in R
i
, for i = 1,
2, . . . , n.

When this happens, we say that f is integrable over
R.
Definition 1.2 (13.1 p. 914)
Double Integrals
but the region can have any shape
For the actual calculation in
Cartesian coordinates:
draw the region
proceed by horizontal or vertical
cuts
Double Integrals
Double Integrals as Iterated integrals
Horizontal cut at fixed y
Double Integrals
Iterated integrals
Vertical cut at fixed
x
Theorem 1.1 (13.1 p. 915)
Suppose that f is integrable over the rectangle
R = {(x, y)|a x b and c y d}.

Then we can write the double integral of f over R as
either of the iterated integrals:
Fubinis
Theorem
Double Integral over a Rectangle
Example
1.2
Double Integrals
Double Integrals over General Regions
Definition 1.3 (13.1 p. 917)
For any function f defined on a bounded region R
, we define the double integral of f over R by



provided the limit exists and is the same for every
choice of the evaluation points (u
i
, v
i
) in R
i
, for i = 1,
2, . . . , n.

In this case, we say that f is integrable over R.
Theorem 1.2 (13.1 p. 915)
Suppose that f is
continuous on the region R
defined by
R = {(x, y)|a x b and
g
1
(x) y g
2
(x)}, for
continuous functions g
1
and
g
2
, where g
1
(x) g
2
(x), for
all x in [a, b].

Then,
Example
1.3
Evaluating a Double Integral
Let R be the region bounded by the graphs of y = x, y
= 0 and x = 4. Evaluate
Theorem 1.3 (13.1 p. 919)
Suppose that f is
continuous on the region R
defined by
R = {(x, y)|c y d and
h
1
(y) x h
2
(y)}, for
continuous functions h
1

and h
2
, where h
1
(y) h
2
(y),
for all y in [c, d].

Then,
Example
1.5
Integrating First with Respect to x
Write

as an iterated integral, where R is the region bounded
by the graphs of x = y
2
and x = 2 y.
Example
1.6
Evaluating a Double Integral
Let R be the region bounded by the graphs of
,
x = 0 and y = 3.

Evaluate
y x =
Example
1.7
A Case Where We Must Switch the
Order of Integration
Theorem 1.4 (13.1 p. 921)
Let f and g be integrable over the region R and
let c be any constant.

Then, the following hold:
2
Theorem 1.4 (13.1 p. 921)
Area, Volume and Center of
Mass
Note:
1. volume of the solid above region R
and below the curve

2. When in R, then
Area of R
( )
,
R
f x y dA=
}}
( )
, z f x y =
( )
, 1 f x y =
R
dA =
}}
Example
2.1
Using a Double Integral to Find Area
Find the area of the plane region bounded by the graphs
of x = y
2
, y x = 3, y = 3 and y = 2.
Volume as Double Integrals
The volumes of certain solid can be expressed as
double integrals that may then be evaluated as
iterated integral.
Example
2.2
Find the volume of the tetrahedron bounded by the
plane 2x + y + z = 2 and the three coordinate planes.
Using a Double Integral to Find Volume
Moments and Center of Mass
Consider a thin, flat plate (a lamina) in the shape of the
region R whose density (mass per unit area) varies
throughout the plate (i.e., some areas of the plate are
more dense than others).

From an engineering standpoint, its often important to
determine where you could place a support to balance
the plate. We call this point the center of mass of the
lamina.

Well first need to find the total mass of the plate.
Lamina with variable density
) , ( y x
O
Total mass:
( , )
R
m x y dA =
}}
Moments of the lamina:
( , )
( , )
y
R
x
R
M x x y dA
M y x y dA

=
=
}}
}}
Center of mass is the point
( )
, x y
;
y
x
M
M
x y
m m
= =
Moments of inertia
( )
2
,
y
R
I x x y dA =
}}
- about y-axis
0
x x =
O
2
( , )
x
R
I y x y dA =
}}
- about x-axis
0
y y =
Physics tells us that the larger I
y
is, the more difficult it is to
rotate the lamina about the y-axis.

Similarly, the larger I
x
is, the more difficult it is to rotate the
lamina about the x-axis.
Example
2.6
Finding the Center of Mass of a Lamina
Find the center of mass of the lamina in the shape of the
region bounded by the graphs of y = x
2
and y = 4, having
mass density given by (x, y) = 1 + 2y + 6x
2
.
Example
2.7
Finding the Moments of Inertia of a
Lamina
Find the moments of inertia I
y
and I
x
for the lamina in
example 2.6.
The moment of inertia of a revolving lamina can be used
to measure its kinetic energy.

For example, consider a lamina revolving about a line
with an angular speed, radians per second. The kinetic
energy of the revolving lamina is




Kinetic energy of a mass moving in a straight line with
speed v is
e
2
1
2
K Ie =
2
1
2
K mv =
Radius of Gyration
The radius of a gyration of a revolving lamina of mass, m
with moment of inertia, I, about an axis is defined as
g
I
R
m
=
Example
A lamina has the shape of parabolic region


Its density is .

Find:
(a)The moment of inertia about the x-axis of the lamina.
(b)The radius of gyration about the x-axis.
2
0 4 y x s s
( )
, x y ky =