TESOL

Lecturer: Mahdi Mokhtas

 PRONOUN
 Pronoun is used instead of a noun to reduce the
repetition of the noun.
 Pronoun is used to point to a noun.
Like: I, we, you, they, he, she, it, me, him, her, them….
Examples:
I chase my goals. She is a nurse.
We are in the class. You rectify the mistake.
 SUBJECT PRONOUNs
They are used to function as subjects.
Like: She, you, he, it, we, they, I
Examples:
I respect people. You get what you want.
They saw him. He is the man of honor.
 Note
Subject pronouns are also called subjective Pronouns.

Homework
Do the exercise of the book!
 OBJECT PRONOUNs
They are used as the objects in the sentences.
Like: me, you, him, her, us, them and it
Examples:
Tom helps me. We teach you.
I buy it. You saw her.
 Note
Note: “You” and “it” can be both subject
and object pronouns.
Examples:
You go home. I teach you.
It is our car. You buy it.
 Possessive PRONOUNs
They are used to show possession.
Like: Mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs and its
Examples:
That car is mine. The books are yours.
The phone is hers. This class is ours.
 Note
“His” and “its” can be possessive adjectives and pronouns.
Examples:
This is his car. That phone is his.
This is its cover. The baby is its.
 Simple Present Tense
It is used to show the action, state, possession, and existence in
the present time.
Examples:
Tom explains the lessons. Actions
Alex is sick. State
She has a pen. Possession
We are in the class. Existence
 Forms
I
We
You + base form of the verb + com/obj.
They
Plural nouns
Examples:
We send the reports. All students go to university.
I install the programs. Gamers play all the time.
 Forms
She
He

It + Verb (s, es, ies) + com/obj.

Singular Nouns and pronouns

Examples:
She reads the readings. Everyone comes on time.
He goes to the library. Everybody chooses this car.
 To Be verbs
S+To be verbs+ complement.
Examples:
She is our manager. It is a new plan.
They are our teammates. I am at school.
 Modal verbs
S+Modal verbs+verb+com/obj.
Examples:
She can speak English.
We should help them.
You must come to the class.
 Usages
Simple present tense shows:
1. Unstable present actions
2. Scheduled events
3. Habits
4. General facts
Examples:
5. World gets warmer.
6. The class starts at 6:00 o’clock.
7. He wakes up early.
8. The sun shines every day.
 Adverbs of Frequency
They show the repetition of an action.
Like: always, sometimes, never, often…
Examples:
I always speak English.
You are sometimes unhappy.
She can never hurt people.
Sometimes, I speak Dari.
I helped them sometimes.
 Active Voice
When the subject performs an actions, it is called active voice.
Examples:
She washes the car. You write the words.
We open the door. Tom teaches grammar.
 Passive Voice
When the subject receives an action, it is called passive voice.
Examples:
The car was fixed. The cat was killed.
The door was closed. The dog is washed.
 Present Passive
Structure: Object+is,am,are+3.V+ (By phrase).
Examples:
Ali speaks English. English is spoken by Ali.
Ahmad buys a car. A car is bought.
Tom eats apple. Apple is eaten by Tom.
 Present Continuous tense
It shows the on-going actions in the present time.
Examples:
I am writing on the board.
She is playing football.
Tom is checking the test papers.
You are copying the notes.
 Form
S+is,am,are+ving+com/obj.
Examples:
She is teaching grammar.
She is not teaching grammar.
Is she teaching grammar?
Is she not teaching grammar? Formal
Isn’t she teaching grammar? Informal
 Usages
1. Actions that are happening now.
2. Longer actions in progress but not now.
3. Near future
4. Repetition and irritation with (always, constantly, never)
Examples:
5. I am talking to you.
6. She is working at the bank.
7. We are playing football tomorrow.
8. You are always coming late.
9. She is never helping you.
10. He is constantly leaving the job early.
 Passive Form
Obj+is,am,are+being+3.v+by phrase.
Examples:
She is playing game. Active
Game is being played by her. Passive
We are teaching grammar. Active
Grammar is being taught by us. Passive
 Homework
Do the exercise of the book!
 Demonstrative Pronouns
They are used to point or identify people, places or things.
Like:
1. This  singular, close to the speaker
2. That  singular, far from the speaker
3. These  plural, close to the speaker
4. Those  plural, far from the speaker
 Examples
These are the books.
This was her excuse for the problem.
I really love this.
That is her blue puppy.
Those are the black ferries.
 Note
Demonstrative pronouns can be used before verbs or after the
verbs but they can never be used before nouns.
Examples:
This is an Apple Watch.
These are the running shoes.
I want to buy that.
She washed those.
 Interrogative Pronouns
They are used to ask questions.
Like: Who, whom, what and which, whose
Examples:
What is in your pocket?
Which is your car?
Who is your friend?
Who did you teach?
Whose is this car?
 Note
Who can be used as the subject and object but whom can only
be used as the object.
Examples:
Who spoke English?
Who is the teacher?
Who did you help?
Whom do you meet?
 Note
Whose, what and which can be interrogative adjectives or
interrogative pronouns.
Examples:
Whose book is Dari? Interrogative adjective
Whose is this book? Interrogative pronoun
What color do you like? Interrogative adjective
What is in the box? Interrogative Pronoun
Which is your pen? Interrogative Pronoun
Which car is at home? Interrogative adjective
 Note
Use the suffix “ever” at the end of “who, which and what” for
emphasis.
Examples:
Whatever is in the car, I will give you.
Whoever comes here, we will help him or her.
Whichever is expensive, I will not buy.
 Reflexive Pronouns
They are used when the subject and object of the sentence are the
same person.
Like:
1. Myself 6. Yourselves
2. Yourself 7. Ourselves
3. Himself 8. Themselves
4. Herself
5. Itself
 Examples:
1. I see myself.
2. He washes himself.
3. They blame themselves.
4. He hurts himself.
5. She loves herself.
6. The cat sees itself.
7. We respect ourselves.
8. They helped themselves
 Intensive Pronouns
They are used to emphasize on the subject or antecedent of the sentence.
Like: Myself, yourself, himself, herself, ourselves, themselves, itself, yourselves.
Examples:
I teach you myself. I myself teach you.
She herself washed the car. She washed the car herself.
They themselves buy the house. They buy the house themselves.
 Simple Past tense
It shows an action which started and finished with specific
time in the past.
Example:
I saw you yesterday.
She played guitar.
We celebrated our graduation.
They opened the door.
 Regular verbs
They are the verbs which take (d, ed or ied) to form their past
form.
Like: Play, close, practice, open, stop…
Examples:
She opened the door.
He closed the window.
We studied our lessons.
 Irregular Verbs
They are the verbs that:
1. Their form and pronunciations are changed.
Like: go, come, speak, teach….
Examples: They came to school.
2. Their pronunciations are changed not form.
Example: I read a book yesterday.
3. Neither the form nor the pronunciation is changed.
Example: He cut the cake yesterday.
 Usages
It is used to show:
1. Completed actions
2. Series of completed actions
3. Duration in the past
4. Habits in the past
Examples:
1. We played football at 4:00 o’clock.
2. We talked, laughed and drank coffee.
3. I lived in Kabul for ten years.
4. I slept late last year.
 Past Passive
Obj+was, were+3.v+by phrase
Examples:
Ali spoke English. English was spoken by Ali.
You brought the car. The car was brought by you.
She opened the door. The door was opened by her.
I helped the students. The students were helped by me.
 Simple past Structures
For Main verbs:
S+2.V+com/obj.
She spoke English.
We played guitar yesterday.
She didn’t speak English.
We didn’t play guitar.
Did she speak English?
Did we play guitar?
 Simple past Structures
For To be verbs:
S+was,were+complement.
I was busy yesterday.
They were at home.
I wasn’t busy yesterday.
They weren’t at home.
Was I busy yesterday?
Were they at home?
 Note
“Had to” is used instead of “Must” in simple past tense.
Examples:
I had to teach the classes.
She had to buy a car because of her job.
We had to travel to Mazar two days ago.
They had to activate the net.
 Past Continuous Tense
It shows the actions which were in progress in the past.
Examples:
She was teaching grammar.
You were playing football yesterday.
Ali was typing the letters.
They were speaking Dari.
 Structure
S+was,were+v-ing+com/obj.
Examples:
She was helping me.
You were looking nice.
Ahmad was going to school.
We were teaching them.
 Usages
1.Interrupted action in the past
2. Parallel actions
3. Repetition and irritation with always and constantly
4. Atmosphere
Examples:
I was teaching when they told me the good news.
I was reading while you were watching TV.
They were always speaking Dari.
When I went there, the boy was shouting and girl was watching TV.
 Clause
A group of words which has “S+Verb” is called clause.
Examples:
She is a teacher.
We are playing football.
I spoke English.
When you talk, I write your grammatical mistake.
 When and while
1. When+ simple past tense
2. While+ past continuous tense
Examples:
When you came here, I was playing football.
While she was teaching, I learned all the things.
When you called me, I was at home.
While she was talking, I heard her.
 Past Continuous Passive
Obj+was, were+being+3.v+by phrase
Examples:
I was teaching grammar.
Grammar was being taught by me.
They were washing the cars.
The cars were being washed by them.
Ali was doing his job.
His job was being done by Ali.
…each other…
…one another…
 Reciprocal Pronouns
They are used to show when two or more people do the same actions
or have the same states.
Like: Each other……...For two people
One another……For more than two people
Example:
Ali and Ahmad respect each other.
Students help one another.
Samim and Hamid are happy with each other.
The teachers are close to one another.
 Indefinite Pronouns
They are used to refer to unspecific people, places or things.
Like: someone, somebody, something, anyone, anybody…
Examples:
Someone knocked the door.
I didn’t meet anybody.
We bought something.
They went somewhere.
 Note:
Indefinite pronouns can be plural or singular.
Singular:
1. Another 11. much
2. Anybody 12. neither
3. Anyone 13. nobody
4. Anything 14. No one
5. Each 15. nothing
6. Either 16. one
7. Everybody 17. somebody
8. Everyone 18. someone
9. Everything 19. Something
10. Little
 Examples:
1. Someone is in the class.
2. Somebody plays football.
3. Something is in my pocket.
4. No one is in the office.
5. Nothing is here.
6. One is my friend.
7. Did you say anything?
8. I know someone.
 Note:
Indefinite pronouns can be plural or singular.
Plural
1. Both
2. Few
3. Many
4. Others
5. Several
6. Some
7. All
 Examples:
1. Both are in the class.
2. Some are my friends.
3. Others are teachers.
4. Many are in the car.
5. Few are teaching in this school.
 Note
Some indefinite pronouns can be plural and singular.
Like: all, some, more, none, any, most,
Examples:
1. Some are good. Plural
2. Some is good. Singular
3. All are in the class. Plural
4. All is in the bottle. Singular
 Note
Some indefinite pronouns can be adjectives too.
If they are used before nouns, they are adjectives.

Like: some, other, another, much, many, one, both, several, all,
more, enough….
 Examples
As Adjectives:
1. All teachers are happy.
2. Both students play football.
3. Some boys come late.
4. Much water is in the glass.
As Pronouns:
5. All are in the class.
6. Both are black.
7. Some are my friends.
8. Much is left from the honey that you bought.
 Relative Pronouns
They are used to join two clauses.
Like:
1. Who
2. Whom
3. That
4. Which
5. Whose
6. Of which
 Examples:
1. Ali is a teacher. He plays football .
A. Ali is a teacher who plays football.

2. I have car. It is black.

B. I have a car which is black.

3. Ahmad is a student. He comes on time.

C. Ahmad is a student who comes on time.

4. This is a pen. It is blue.

D. This is a pen which is blue.
 Clause
A group of words which has subject and verb is called
clause.
Examples:
1. Ali is a teacher.
2. She is a doctor.
 Defining relative clause
A clause which gives necessary information about its preceding noun is called Defining
relative clause.
Examples:
1. The boy who speaks English is Ali.
2. The pen which is on the table is blue.
3. The house which is white is mine.
4. The car that is black is expensive.
 Non-defining relative clause
A clause which gives extra information about it preceding noun is called
non-defining relative clause.
Examples:
1. Ali, who is a teacher, is my friend.
2. Obama, who was a president, is a good man.
3. Karzai, who is an Afghan, was a president.
 Present Perfect tense
It shows the actions which happened in the past with
unspecific time.
It is the present result of past actions.
Examples:
1. I have washed my car.
2. She has cleaned the room.
3. She has texted me.
 Structure
S+have/has+3.v+come/obj.
Examples:
1. I have seen him.
2. She has cooked the food.
3. You have bought the car.
4. Ali has painted the wall.
 Structure
S+have/has+not+3.v+come/obj.
Examples:
1. I have not seen him.
2. She has not cooked the food.
3. You have not bought the car.
4. Ali has not painted the wall.
 Structure
Have/has+S+3.v+come/obj?
Examples:
1. Have I seen him?
2. Has she cooked the food?
3. Have you bought the car?
4. Has Ali painted the wall?
 Usages
1. It shows experience.
Examples:
A. I have travelled to Pakistan.
B. She has been to Canada.
C. We have worked at the bank.
 Usages
2. It shows change over time.
Examples:
A. Afghanistan has improved.
B. We have learned many things.
C. You have grown well.
 Usages
3. It shows accomplishments.
Examples:
A. They have gotten the first position.
B. She has done her Bachelor Degree.
C. Afghans have made many cities.
 Usages
4. It shows an unfinished action.
Examples:
A. They have not sent the report.
B. She has not washed the dishes.
C. Ali has not fixed my car.
 Usages
5. It shows the multiple actions at different times.
Examples:
A. I have taught five classes.
B. She has written three essays.
C. He has built many buildings.
 Note
We can use unfinished time expressions with present perfect
tense.
Like, this week, this month, today…..
Examples:
1. I have seen her today.
2. She has come here this week.
3. We have travelled to Kabul this month.
 Note
It shows duration of an action from past till now with the
words “For and since”.
Examples:
1. I have lived in Kabul since 2001.
2. She has worked at the bank for five years.
3. He has taught since 2013.
 Adverb Placement in Present perfect tense
In this tense, the adverbs are used between auxiliary and main verb.
Examples:
1. I have always seen him.
2. She has never played game.
3. He has sometimes cooked dinner.
 Present Perfect Passive Form
Object + have/has + been + 3.v + by phrase.
Examples:
1. She has washed the dishes.
A. The dishes have been washed by her.
2. I have called Ali.
B. Ali has been called by me.
3. You have sent the report.
A. The report has been sent by you.
 Present Perfect Continuous Tense
It is used to show an action which started in the past and continues
to the present time.
Examples:
1. I have been teaching English since 2012.
2. She has been working since morning.
3. I have been typing since 12 o’clock.
 Structures
S + have/has + been + v-ing +com/obj.
They have been coming late.
S + have/has + not+ been + v-ing +com/obj.
We have not been talking to them.
Have/has + S + been +v-ing + com/obj+?
Have you been helping them?
Haven’t you been helping them? Informal
Have you not been helping them? Formal
 Usages
1. It is used with lately and recently to show that the
action has just finished.
Examples:
I have been teaching the listening lately.
Recently, She has been talking on the phone.
You have been writing examples lately.
 Note
The following verbs are not used in this tense.
1. See 7. want
2. Love 8. Like
3. Know 9. Respect
4. Say
5. Understand
6. Recognize
 Passive form
Object+have/has+been+being+3.v+by phrase.
Examples:
1. I have been teaching you.
A. You have been being taught by me.
2. She has been typing the letter.
B. The letter has been being typed by her.
3. We have been helping him.
C. He has been being helped by us.
 Past Perfect tense
It shows the actions which were completed before another action or
time in the past.
Examples:
1. I had washed the car before Ali came home.
2. You had written the notes before I repeated the lessons.
3. By the time you came here, Ahmad had finished the
notes.
 Structure
S+had+3.v+com/obj.
I had called her. She had opened the door.
S+had+not+3.v+com/obj.
I had not called her. She had not opened the door.
Had+S+3.v+com/obj+?
Had I called her? Had she opened the door?
 Note
We can also use specific time expressions with past perfect tense.
Examples:
I had met him in 2000 in Kabul.
Ahmad had changed his car in 1393.
We had left the job in 1398.
 Adverb placement in Past Perfect Tense
In this tense, adverbs are used between auxiliary and main verbs.
Examples:
1. She had always done her homework.
2. We had sometimes played guitar.
3. He had never seen Ahmad.
 Passive form
Obj+had+been+3.v+by phrase.
Examples:
1. She had opened the door.
2. The door had been opened by her.
3. I had painted the walls.
4. The walls had been painted by me.
 Past perfect continuous tense
It shows the duration of an action before another action or
time in the past.
Examples:
1. She had been playing guitar before we ate lunch.
2. She had been teaching us before I went out.
3. They had been driving when police stopped them.
 Note
Past perfect continuous tense shows the cause of something.
Example:
1. I got 100 scores because I had been studying so hard.
2. She was tired because she had been working for 9 hours.
3. The street was wet because it had been raining.
 Passive form
Obj+had+been+being+3.v+by phrase
Examples:
She had been teaching me.
I had been being taught by her.

You had been doing your homework.

Your homework had been being done by you.
 Verbs
They are used to show actions, states, existence, possession and
relationship.
Examples:
1. She runs in the gym.
2. I am happy.
3. We are in Afghanistan.
4. He has a new car.
5. Ali is my brother.
 Note
Verbs are generally divided into two parts:
1. Main verbs: they are the verbs which can be used alone in a sentence
and they aren’t dependent.
Examples:
2. He speaks English.
3. We teach grammar.
4. She opens the door.
 Auxiliary or Helping verbs:
They are the verbs which are dependent and should be used with main
verbs.
Examples:
1. Ali can teach me.
2. You should come on time.
3. We must teach them.
 Non-continuous verbs
They are not used in continuous tenses.
Like:
1. Abstract verbs: want, need, cost, contain
2. Possession verbs: possess, own, belong, depend
3. Emotion verbs: love, like, hate……
Note
Some verbs can be normal or non-continuous verbs.
Like: have, look, miss, see, say…..
 Transitive verbs
They are the verbs which take direct object.
Examples:
I eat apples.
She closes the door.
Ali teaches Ahmad.
Note: To recognize the transitive verbs, ask the questions
with( what or who).
 Intransitive verbs
They are the verbs which don’t need direct object to complete their
meaning. They are followed by adjectives, adverbs, prepositions or
verb complement (infinitive).
Examples:
He looks happy.
She runs slowly.
You sit on the table.
I want to go home.
 Note
Some verbs can be transitive and intransitive verbs.
Like: Sing, run, write, wash…..
1. I sing a song. Transitive verb
2. I sing everyday. Intransitive verb
3. I run my business Transitive verb
4. I run in the gym. Intransitive verb
 Linking verbs
They are the verbs which connect the subject with the complement
of the sentence(Adjective complement or noun complement).
Like: is, am, are, was, were, will be, look, seem, appear…
Examples:
Ali is your teacher.
We are happy.
She was busy.
He looks handsome.
 Stative Verbs
Definition: They are used to show states rather than actions.
They show: Senses, relationship, state, existence, possession..
Example:
I have a car. She feels sick.
You are happy today. We are in the class.
He is my brother. He is your uncle.
Note
These verbs also show perception or cognition (things related to mind).
Examples: love, hate, know….
 Dynamic verbs
They are used to show actions in the sentences.
Like: Run, speak, go, teach.
Examples:
1. I run in the gym.
2. You teach grammar.
3. We play guitar.
4. He washes the car.
 Finite verbs
They are the verbs which change based on the tense, subject and number.
Examples:
1. I see Ali
2. I saw Ali.
3. We play guitar.
4. She plays guitar.
5. The teacher is in the class.
6. The teachers are in the class.
 Nonfinite verbs
They are the verbs which don’t change based on tense, subject and
number.
Examples:
1. I want to teach the class.
2. She loves dancing at the party.
3. Ali can buy a new house.
4. Working is enjoyable.
5. The teacher wants to be happy.
6. The teachers want to be happy.
 Adjective
It is used to modify nouns or pronouns.
Examples:
She is a smart student.
Ali is happy.
We are busy.
It is something good.
 Position of Adjectives
Attributive Adjectives: They are used before nouns.
Examples:
Ali is a nice human.
They are rich people.

Predicative Adjective: They are used as predicate.

Examples:
He is honest.
The car is beautiful.
 Possessive Adjective
They are used to show possession/ownership and relationship.
Like: My, your, his, her, its, our, their
Examples:
Your problem is my problem.
His notebook is nice.
Their home is in Kabul.
 Proper Adjectives
They are the adjectives which have the root of proper nouns.
Like: Afghan, Chinese, American, Indian….
Examples:
Afghan culture is perfect.
Indian food is so spicy.
American clothes are expensive.
 Quantitative Adjective

They are used to show the amount of uncountable nouns.

Like: Some, Little, Enough. A little, much…..
Examples:
She has some money.
He drinks little water.
We have enough money.
He uses much sugar.
 Numeral Adjectives
They express numbers. They are two types:
a) Definite Numeral Adjectives: to state the exact number in the
following two manners:
1. Cardinal ‫ اعداد اصلی‬: one, two, three, etc.
2. Ordinal ‫اعداد ترتیبی‬: first, second, third, etc.
b) Indefinite Numeral adjectives: to talk about an inexact number.
All, no, many, few, several…
 Demonstrative Adjectives
They are used before nouns and point to nouns.
Like: This, that, these, those
Examples:
1. This car is nice.
2. That building is yours.
3. These students are very smart.
4. Those people play football.
 Comparison of Adjectives
There three degrees to compare adjectives:
Positive degree
Comparative degree
Superlative degree
1. Positive Degree: it is used to modify nouns and pronouns without
comparing them with other nouns or pronouns.
Examples:
1. She is smart.
2. Our house is beautiful.
3. He is kind.
 Comparative Adjectives
They are used to compare two nouns or pronouns.
Examples:
Ali is taller than Hamid.
This car is more beautiful than that car.
Note: Use “er” after one syllable adjectives and “more” for more than
one syllable adjectives.
Examples:
Taller More beautiful
Smaller More handsome
Fatter More dangerous
 Superlative Adjectives
They are used to compare a noun or pronoun with a group of nouns
or pronouns.
Examples:
Ali is the tallest boy in the class.
He is the most handsome boy in our university.
Note: Use “est” after one syllable adjectives and “most” for more than one syllable adjectives.
Examples:
Tallest Most beautiful
Smallest Most handsome
Fattest Most dangerous
 Simple Future Tense
It is used to show the actions which happen in the future.
There are two structures for this tense:
S+will/shall+v+com/obj.
S+to be+ going to+v+com/obj.
Examples:
I will help him.
We shall go to university.
Ali is going to play guitar.
We are going to come here.
I am going to buy that Apple Computer.
 Usages of Future Tense
1. “Will” shows voluntary actions.
2. “Will” shows promise.
3. “Be going to” shows plan.
4. “Will” and “Be going to” show prediction.
Examples:
1. I will give you my car for today.
2. I will lend you money.
3. I am going to buy another car.
4. It will rain tomorrow.
5. It is going to rain tomorrow.
 Note
Future tense isn’t used in time clauses.
Time clauses begin with: When, while, after, before, as soon as, by the time,
if…
Examples:
1. If you come here, you will learn something.
2. When she goes to university, she will study economics.
3. While she is driving, everyone will be scared.
4. After you go home, you will go to office.
 Passive form
Obj+will/shall+be+3.v+by phrase
Obj+is, am,are+going to+be+3.v+by phrase
Examples:
1. Ali will send the reports. The reports will be sent by
Ali.
2. He will help me. I will be helped by him.
3. You are going to by the car.
The car is going to be bought by
 Future Continuous Tense
It shows the actions which will be happening in the future.
S+will/shall+be+v-ing+com/obj.
S+is, am, are+going to+be+v-ing+com/0bj.
Examples:
1. I will be teaching you tomorrow.
2. We shall be playing football at this time.
3. You are going to be singing at the party.
 Usages
1. interrupted actions.
1. Parallel actions
2. Atmosphere
Examples:
3. I will be teaching when you come in.
4. I will be talking and people will be listening.
5. When I come to class, some of you will be talking to one another and others will be
translating the text.
 Passive Form
Obj+will/shall+be+being+3.v+by phrase.
Obj+is, am, are+going to+ be+being+3.v+ by
phrase.
Examples:
1. She will be teaching us.
2. We will be being taught by her.
3. They are going to be helping students.
 Adverbs
They are used to modify adjectives, verbs and other adverbs .
Examples:
1. Ahmad is very happy.
2. She speaks slowly.
3. I speak very carefully.
 Adverbs of time
They are used to show the time of an action or state.
Like: today, tomorrow, last week, last year, everyday…..
Examples:
1. I saw him yesterday.
2. He was sick yesterday.
3. I will buy the car tomorrow.
 Adverbs of place
They are used to show the place of an action or state.
Like: home, here, there, everywhere, neighborhood,
northwards, southwards, homewards….
Examples:
1. She goes home.
2. We played football at school.
3. They drive homewards.
 Adverbs of manner
They are used to show how an action happens.
Like: slowly, fast, carefully, carelessly, dangerously, well, beautifully…..
Examples:
1. She speaks slowly.
2. I drive carelessly.
3. They play well.
 Note
Some adverbs are irregular and they can be adjectives or
adverbs.
Like: Fast, hard and late
Examples:
1. She speaks fast. Adverb
2. The car is fast. Adjective
3. We work hard. Adverb
4. This job is hard. Adjective
5. She is late. Adjective
6. She comes late. Adverb
 Adverbs of Frequency
They are used to show how often something happens.
Like: Always, sometimes, never, often, once, twice, three times…..
Examples:
1. I can always play football.
2. She sometimes comes late.
3. I saw him twice.
4. Sometimes, he called me.
5. They were never busy.
 Indefinite Adverbs of Frequency Percentage
1. Always: 100%
2. Usually: 90%
3. Normally/Generally: 80%
4. Often/Frequently: 70%
5. Sometimes: 50%
6. Occasionally: 30%
7. Seldom: 10%
8. Hardly ever/Rarely: 5%
9. Never: 0%
 Note
There are two types of Adverbs frequency:
1. Definite: Show the exact repetition of an action.
Like: once, twice, three times, four times, weekly, monthly….
Examples:
I saw him twice at school.
She called her mother ten times.
He used the pills weekly.
 Indefinite
Indefinite: Show the inexact repetition of an action.
Like: Sometimes, usually, often, rarely, frequently…
Examples:
I always check the papers.
You usually play guitar.
She sometimes comes to school.
 Adverbs of Degree
They are used to show the degree of an adjective or adverb.
Like: very, too, enough, certainly, probably, definitely, surely, just,
completely…..
Examples:
1. He is too lazy to get 100 scores.
2. She is rich enough to buy a car.
3. He drives too slowly to get there on time.
 Conjunctive Adverbs
They are used to join two clauses.
Like: Besides, Hence, in addition, however, therefore,
thus,….
Examples:
I go swimming; however, the weather is cold.
She got the first position; however, she didn’t study.
 Coordinating Conjunctions
They are used to join two words, clauses or phrases.
Like: FANBOYS: For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, so
Examples:
1. I go to office ,for we have a meeting.
2. She has a phone and a computer.
3. I don’t give the car nor I give the money.
4. She is a teacher but I am a student.
5. Do you like coffee or tea?
6. He doesn’t respect me, yet I respect him.
7. I respect people, so they respect me.
 Subordinating conjunctions
They are used to join a dependent clause with an independent clause.
Like: because, after, before, although, though, even though, if, since,
while, whereas, as……
Examples:
1. Because she was sick, she went to hospital.
2. She went to hospital because she was sick.
3. You learn something if you come here.
 Correlative Conjunctions
They are used to join two words or sentences.
Like:
1. Both…and
2. Either….or
3. Whether….or
4. Neither…nor
5. Not only….but also
 Examples
1. I buy both a car and a house.
2. Either call me or send me a message.
3. I don’t know whether to buy a car or a house.
4. Neither you nor your brother came to our party.
5. I teach not only you but also ESP class.
 Future Perfect Continuous
It is used to show the actions which will be happening before
another action in the future.
S+will/shall+have+been+v-ing+com/obj.
S+is,am,are+going to+have+been+v-ing+com/obj.
Examples:
1. She will have been teaching you before I come to class.
2. She is going to have been teaching you before I come to class
 Usages
A. It shows duration before something.
Examples:
1. I will have been running for one hour before I go home.
2. She will have been talking fore five minutes before I stop her.

B. It shows cause and effect.

Examples:
3. You will answer all the questions because you will have been studying so hard.
4. She will be fat because she will have been eating oily food here.
 Passive Form
Obj+will/shall+have+been+being+3.v+by phrase.
Obj+is,am,are+going to+have+been+being+3.v+by phrase
Examples:
She will have been speaking English. Active
English will have been being spoken by her. Passive
You are going to have been playing guitar. Active
Guitar is going to have been being played by you. Passive
 Future in the past
It shows the action which was going to happen.
S+would+v+com/obj.
S+was,were+going to+v+com/obj.
Examples:
1. I would teach them.
2. She was going to come to class.
3. They were going to play game.
4. She would help the students.
 Passive form
Obj+would+be+3.v+by phrase
Obj+was, were+going to+be+3.v+by phrase
Examples:
1. She would buy the car. Active
2. The car would be bought by her. Passive
3. Ali was going to teach them. Active
4. They were going to be taught by Ali. Passive
 Prepositions
They are the words which show relationship between words.
Like: in, on, at, behind, beside………..
Examples:
1. The car is at home.
2. She is in the car.
3. The cat is on the table.
4. I am beside you.
 Prepositions of time
They are used with time expressions.
Examples:
1. She came at 11:00.
2. He was born in 2010.
3. We go there on Friday.
4. Ahmad was born on 25th of July.
 At
At is used:
1. Hours At 7:30, at 9:00
2. At Midnight
3. At Lunchtime
4. At Night
5. At Christmas
6. At The moment
7. At The same time
8. At Weekends
9. At noon
 On
On is used:
1. Days of week: on Sunday, on Monday…
2. Day of months: on 24th of June, on 28th of May
Examples:
3. I saw her on Monday.
4. You came here on 26th of August.
 In
In is used:
1. Months: in April
2. Years: in 2017
3. Century: in 21st century
4. In the morning
5. In the afternoon
6. In the evening
7. In a few minutes
8. In a week
 During
During is used:
1. During: During the night, during the day
Examples:
2. I work during the day.
3. He comes here during the night.
 For
For is used:
1. For+period of time
Example:
2. I go there for three days.
3. She comes here for five years.
4. I teach them for two months.
 Since
Since is used:
1. Since+period of time
Examples:
2. I have been there since 2001.
3. She has been teaching us since 2019.
 Prepositions of place
They are used with places:
Like: in, on, at, under, near. Next to, behind, beside, in front of , of, to….
Examples:
1. She was in the class.
2. He was at school.
3. We go to school.
 On
Use it for all the surfaces.
Example:
On the table, on the roof, on the floor…

In
Use it for the things that have inside.
Examples:
In the car, in the room, in the kitchen…..
 At
Use it for places if you use Stative verbs in your sentences.
Examples:
1. I am at university.
2. She was at home.
3. We are at the party.
4. They are at the park.
 Direct speech
Saying the exact words of the speaker without changes is
called direct speech.
Examples:
1. Ali said, “I will buy the car.”
2. She said, “Ali is a teacher.”
3. We said, “We see Ahmad.”
 Indirect Speech
Expressing the content of a statement without expressing the
exact words is called indirect speech.
Examples:
1. Ali said, “I have a new car.”
2. Ali said that he had car.
3. We said, “he is busy.”
4. We said that he was busy.
 Tense change
1. Simple present to simple past
Example:
She said, “I have a car.”
She said that she had a car.
2. Present continuous to past continuous
Example:
She said, “I am eating apple.”
she said that she was eating apple
 Tense change
3. Present perfect to past perfect
Examples:
1. He said, “I have seen her.”
2. He said that he had seen her.
4. Present perfect continuous tense to past perfect continuous tense
Examples:
3. She said, “Ahmad has been speaking English.”
4. She said that he had been speaking English.
 Tense change
5. Simple past to past perfect
Examples:
1. Ahmad said, “I brought the car.”
2. Ahmad said that he had bought the car.
6. Past continuous tense to past perfect continuous tense
Examples:
3. Maryam said, “I was teaching them.”
4. Maryam said that she had been teaching them.
 Tense change
7. Past perfect Continuous tense doesn’t change.
Examples:
1. I said, “I had been working out.”
2. I said that I had been working out.
Important points
3. Will to would
4. Can to could
5. Must to had to
6. Shall to should
7. May to might
 Examples
1. He said, “I will buy the car.
2. He said that he would buy the car.
3. He said, “I must buy the car.”
4. He said that he had to buy the car.
5. He said, “I shall buy the car.”
6. He said that he should buy the car.
7. He said, “I may buy the car.”
8. He said that he might buy the car.
 Note
If we are talking about the facts, the tenses don’t change
while changing them to indirect speech.
Examples:
1. Ali said, “I am a boy.”
2. Ali said that he is a boy.
3. She said, “I have two brothers.”
4. She said that she has two brothers.
 Note
If the reporting verb is in simple present tense, the tense
doesn’t change while changing to indirect speech.
Examples:
1. Ali says, “I am happy.”
2. Ali says that he is happy.
3. She says, “I play game.”
4. She says that she plays game.
 Self-Study
1. This evening……that evening
2. Today……..yesterday
3. These days…….those days
4. Now………..Then
5. A week ago……a week before
6. Last weekend…….previous weekend/the weekend before last
7. Here…………there
8. Next week……….the following week
9. Tomorrow…….. The next day/following day
Please read pages 158 and 159
Slide Title
• Make Effective Presentations
• Using Awesome Backgrounds
• Engage your Audience
• Capture Audience Attention
 Slide Title

Product A Product B
• Feature 1 • Feature 1
• Feature 2 • Feature 2
• Feature 3 • Feature 3