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Number System

The document discusses different number systems including binary, octal, decimal, and hexadecimal. It defines each system and provides examples of converting between the different bases. Conversion methods include dividing by the base and writing the remainders in reverse order or grouping bits or digits and looking them up in a conversion table.

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Sameer Sohail
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22 views41 pages

Number System

The document discusses different number systems including binary, octal, decimal, and hexadecimal. It defines each system and provides examples of converting between the different bases. Conversion methods include dividing by the base and writing the remainders in reverse order or grouping bits or digits and looking them up in a conversion table.

Uploaded by

Sameer Sohail
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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NUMBER SYSTEM

Computer - Memory Units


 Memory unit is the amount of data that can be stored in the storage unit. This
storage capacity is expressed in terms of Bytes.
 The following table explains the main memory storage units −
Sr. Unit & Description
No.
1 Bit (Binary Digit): A binary digit is logical 0 and 1 representing a passive or an active state of a
component in an electric circuit.

2 Nibble: A group of 4 bits is called nibble.

3 Byte: A group of 8 bits is called byte. A byte is the smallest unit, which can represent a data item or a
character.

4 Word: A computer word, like a byte, is a group of fixed number of bits processed as a unit, which varies
from computer to computer but is fixed for each computer.
Computer - Memory Units
 The following table lists some higher storage units −

Sr. No. Unit & Description


1 Kilobyte (KB) (1 KB = 1024 Bytes)

2 Megabyte (MB) (1 MB = 1024 KB)

3 GigaByte (GB) (1 GB = 1024 MB)

4 TeraByte (TB) (1 TB = 1024 GB)

5 PetaByte (PB) (1 PB = 1024 TB)

6 ExaByte (EB) (1EB = 1024 PB)


NUMBER SYSTEM

 The technique to represent and work with numbers is called number system.
 Decimal number system is the most common number system.
 Other popular number systems include binary number system, octal number
system, hexadecimal number system, etc.
 In general, the binary number system is used in computers.
DECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM
 Decimal number system is a base 10 number system having 10 digits from 0 to 9.
 This means that any numerical quantity can be represented using these 10 digits.
 Decimal number system is also a positional value system. This means that the value of digits
will depend on its position.
 Let us take an example to understand this: Say we have three numbers – 734, 971 and 207. The
value of 7 in all three numbers is different−
DECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM

 In 734, value of 7 is 7 hundreds or 700 or 7 × 100 or 7 × 10 2


 In 971, value of 7 is 7 tens or 70 or 7 × 10 or 7 × 10 1
 In 207, value 0f 7 is 7 units or 7 or 7 × 1 or 7 × 10 0
 The weightage of each position can be represented as follows −
BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM

 The easiest way to vary instructions through electric signals is two-state system –
on and off.
 On is represented as 1 and off as 0, though 0 is not actually no signal but signal at
a lower voltage.
 The number system having just these two digits – 0 and 1 – is called binary
number system.
 Each binary digit is also called a bit.
BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM
 Binary number system is also positional value system, where each digit has a value expressed in
powers of 2, as displayed here:

 In any binary number, the rightmost digit is called least significant bit (LSB) and leftmost digit
is called most significant bit (MSB).
OCTAL NUMBER SYSTEM

 Octal number system has eight digits – 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7.


 Octal number system is also a positional value system with where each digit has
its value expressed in powers of 8, as shown here −
HEXADECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM

 Hexadecimal number system has 16 symbols – 0 to 9 and A to F where A is


equal to 10, B is equal to 11 and so on till F.
 Hexadecimal number system is also a positional value system with where each
digit has its value expressed in powers of 16, as shown here −
COMMON NUMBER SYSTEMS

Number system Base(Radix) Used digits Example


Binary 2 0,1 (11110000)2
Octal 8 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7 (360)8
Decimal 10 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 (240)10
Hexadecimal 16 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9, (F2)16
A,B,C,D,E,F
CONVERSIONS
DECIMAL TO OTHER

 Decimal Number System to Other Base:


 To convert Number system from Decimal Number System to Any Other Base is
quite easy; you have to follow just two steps:
 Divide the Number (Decimal Number) by the base of target base system (in which you
want to convert the number: Binary (2), octal (8) and Hexadecimal (16)).
 Write the remainder from step 1 as a Least Signification Bit (LSB) to Step last as a
Most Significant Bit (MSB).
DECIMAL TO BINARY
DECIMAL TO BINARY
(FRACTIONAL)
DECIMAL TO OCTAL
DECIMAL TO OCTAL
(FRACTIONAL)
DECIMAL TO HEXADECIMAL
DECIMAL TO HEXADECIMAL
(FRACTIONAL)
BINARY TO DECIMAL
BINARY TO DECIMAL
(FRACTIONAL)
BINARY TO OCTAL
 An easy way to convert from binary to octal is to group binary digits into sets of three, starting
with the least significant (rightmost) digits.

 Then, look up each group in a table:


Binary 000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111
Octal 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Binary= 011 100 101


Octal= 3 4 5 =345 oct
BINARY TO OCTAL (FRACTIONAL)
BINARY TO OCTAL (FRACTIONAL)
BINARY TO HEXADECIMAL
 An equally easy way to convert from binary to hexadecimal is to group binary digits into sets of
four, starting with the least significant (rightmost) digits.
 Binary: 11100101 = 1110 0101
 Then, look up each group in a table:
BINARY TO HEXADECIMAL
(FRACTIONAL)
OCTAL TO BINARY

 Converting from octal to binary is as easy as converting from binary to octal.


Simply look up each octal digit to obtain the equivalent group of three binary
digits.
OCTAL TO BINARY (FRACTIONAL)
OCTAL TO HEXADECIMAL
 When converting from octal to hexadecimal, it is often easier to first convert the octal number
into binary and then from binary into hexadecimal. For example, to convert 345 octal into hex:

 Drop any leading zeros or pad with leading zeros to get groups of four binary digits (bits): Binary
011100101 = 1110 0101
 Then, look up the groups in a table to convert to hexadecimal digits.
OCTAL TO HEXADECIMAL

• Therefore, through a two-step conversion process, octal 345 equals binary


011100101 equals hexadecimal E5.
OCTAL TO HEXADECIMAL
(FRACTIONAL)
OCTAL TO DECIMAL

 The conversion can also be performed in the conventional mathematical way, by


showing each digit place as an increasing power of 8.
 (345)8= (3 * 8^2 ) + (4 * 8^1 ) + (5 * 8^0 )
= (3 * 64) + (4 * 8) + (5 * 1)
= (229)10
OCTAL TO DECIMAL
(FRACTIONAL)
HEXADECIMAL TO BINARY

 Converting from hexadecimal to binary is as easy as converting from binary to


hexadecimal. Simply look up each hexadecimal digit to obtain the equivalent
group of four binary digits.
HEXADECIMAL TO BINARY
(FRACTIONAL)
HEXADECIMAL TO OCTAL
 When converting from hexadecimal to octal, it is often easier to first convert the hexadecimal
number into binary and then from binary into octal. For example, to convert A132 hex into octal:

hexadecimal= A 1 3 2
binary 1010 0001 0011 0010 =1010000100110010 binary

 Drop any leading zeros or pad with leading zeros to get groups of four binary digits (bits):
binary 1010000100110010= 001 010 000 100 110 010
 Then, look up the groups in a table to convert to octal digits.
HEXADECIMAL TO OCTAL

Binary 000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111

Octal 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Binary 001 010 000 100 110 010


Octal 1 2 0 4 6 2 =120462 oct

• Therefore, through a two-step conversion process, hexadecimal


A132 equals binary 1010000100110010 equals octal 120462.
HEXADECIMAL TO OCTAL
(FRACTIONAL)
HEXADECIMAL TO DECIMAL

 The conversion can also be performed in the conventional mathematical way, by


showing each digit place as an increasing power of 16.
 C5 octal = (12 * 16^1 ) + (5 * 16^0 ) = 192 + 5 = (197)10
HEXADECIMAL TO DECIMAL
(FRACTIONAL)

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