City Development

and
Architecture & Economy

Prep.by EYOAB EQUBAY

The document first sets out, in the form of a manifesto, a range of beliefs and assertions about urban life,
development and culture, and its relationship to the natural world. This establishes the framework for three
subsequent sections that articulate design and development principles at the interlinked scales of:

• The Region, Metropolis, City, and Town.

• The Neighborhood, District, and Corridor.
• The Block, the Street, and the Building.

These frames of reference set the scene for design, be it at the scales of community master plans, urban infill
projects, or designs for individual buildings.

THE CHARTER OF THE NEW URBANISM

The Congress for the New Urbanism views disinvestment in central cities, the spread of placeless sprawl,
increasing separation by race and income, environmental deterioration, loss of agricultural lands and
wilderness, and the erosion of society’s built heritage as one interrelated community-building challenge.

Note:-metropolis is the largest, busiest, and most important city in a country or region.
physical solutions by themselves will not solve social and economic problems, but neither can economic
vitality, community stability, and environmental health be sustained without a coherent and supportive
physical framework.

public policy and development practices to support the following principles:

1. Neighborhoods should be diverse in use and population;

2. Communities should be designed for the pedestrian and transit as well as the car;
3. Cities and towns should be shaped by physically defined and universally accessible public spaces and
community institutions;
4. Urban places should be framed by architecture and landscape design that celebrate local history,
climate, ecology, and building practice.

The following principles to guide public policy, development practice, urban planning, and design:

5. The Region, Metropolis, City, and Town.

6. The Neighborhood, District, and Corridor.
7. The Block, the Street, and the Building.
1. The Region, Metropolis, City, and Town.

1.Metropolitan regions are finite places with

geographic boundaries derived from topography,
watersheds, coastlines, farmlands, regional parks,
and river basins. The metropolis is made of multiple
centers that are cities, towns, and villages, each with
its own identifiable center and edges.

2. The metropolitan region is a fundamental economic

unit of the contemporary world. Governmental
cooperation, public policy, physical planning, and London. England
economic strategies must reflect this new reality.

3. The metropolis has a necessary and fragile

relationship to its agrarian hinterland and natural
landscapes. The relationship is environmental,
economic, and cultural. Farmland and nature are as
important to the metropolis as the garden is to the
house.

Central park New York .USA

4. The development and redevelopment of
towns and cities should respect historical
patterns, precedents, and boundaries.

5.Cities and towns should bring into

proximity a broad spectrum of public and
private uses to support a regional economy
that benefits people of all incomes.
Affordable housing should be distributed
throughout the region to match job
opportunities and to avoid concentrations of
poverty.

Venice , Italy
6. The physical organization of the region should be
supported by a framework of transportation alternatives.
Transit, pedestrian, and bicycle systems should maximize
access and mobility throughout the region while reducing
dependence upon the automobile.

7. Revenues and resources can be shared more

cooperatively among the municipalities and centers within
regions to avoid destructive competition for tax base and
to promote rational coordination of transportation,
recreation, public services, housing, and community
institutions.
2.The Neighborhood, the District, and the Corridor

1.The neighborhood, the district, and the corridor are the

essential elements of development and redevelopment in the
metropolis.

2. Neighborhoods should be compact, pedestrian friendly,

and mixed-use. Districts generally emphasize a special single
use, and should follow the principles of neighborhood design
when possible. Corridors are regional connectors of
neighborhoods and districts; they range from boulevards and
rail lines to rivers and parkways.

3.Within neighborhoods, a broad range of housing types and

price levels can bring people of diverse ages, races, and
incomes into daily interaction, strengthening the personal
and civic bonds essential to an authentic community.

Note:-They form identifiable areas that encourage citizens to take

responsibility for their maintenance and evolution.

Boulevard:- is a type of broad avenue planted with rows of trees, or in parts of

North America, any urban highway or wide road in a commercial district.

New Middle East trade corridor offers ‘win-win’ economic

4. The economic health and harmonious
evolution of neighborhoods, districts, and
corridors can be improved through
graphic urban design codes that serve as
predictable guides for change.

5. A range of parks, from tot-lots and

village greens to ball fields and
community gardens, should be distributed
within neighborhoods. Conservation areas
and open lands should be used to define
and connect different neighborhoods and
districts.

Tot-lots:- a small playground for young

children

Dubai palm island

3.The Block, the Street, and the Building

1. A primary task of all urban architecture and

landscape design is the physical definition of streets
and public spaces as places of shared use.

2. Individual architectural projects should be

seamlessly linked to their surroundings. This issue
transcends style.

3. Architecture and landscape design should grow

from local climate, topography, history, and building
practice.

4. Civic buildings and public gathering places require

important sites to reinforce community identity and
the culture of democracy. They deserve distinctive
form, because their role is different from that of
other buildings and places that constitute the fabric
of the city.
Urban Form and Architecture: Contextual Analysis and the
Architecture of Restraint

• urban design is about making places for people and places are
best understood as spaces that are framed and defined by
buildings and landscape.

• But, of course, it’s always harder to design “space” than it is

to create “form.”

• Urban space itself is invisible; it is brought into being by the

presence of its edges the buildings or landscape elements that
frame it.

• Within this frame of reference, most buildings are generally

Figure. 2.2. Newbury Street, Boston. Built as continuous
secondary to the public spaces they create. So it is not
rows of townhomes in the 1870s, the street has transformed
surprising that for an architectural profession trained all the
into one of America’s premier shopping and dining venues.
way through architecture school to create beautiful unique
The buildings house a variety of uses and form the backdrop
objects and sculptural forms, one of the biggest challenges is
to the lively pedestrian scene on the sidewalk. Photo. David
to produce elegant and restrained “background” architecture,
Walters
buildings that put “space making” before “object making.”
The process of urban analysis

understanding the sets of forces in the urban

context that deal with issues of larger
importance than the design of a single building
- is not separate from architectural design;
rather, it is the first stage in the design process.

for example, focusing on key characteristics of

the neighborhood or district in which the new
building will sit, and which can be used to
develop a complex facade design. (see Fig.
2.5).

Figure 2.5. Mixed-use building, Ludgate Hill, London, 1999.

Cullinan Studio, architects. Note how the articulation and
materiality of the facade vary across its length to relate to the very
different colors and materials in the adjacent buildings.
These include, but are not limited to:

• Size, scale, and character/ materials of

adjacent and neighboring buildings

• Building typologies

• Fenestration pattern of solids and voids

• Relationship to buildings either side and

across the street or other public space

• Height-to-width relationships of public spaces

• Quality of existing pedestrian experience

• Tears in the urban fabric that need to be

repaired by infill buildings

• Any special views to and from the site /

terminating vistas
Smart city
Most urban design practice is constructed around four main objectives:
1. Walkability – To promote public health and respond to consumer preference in terms of livability preferences
2. Multi-modal Mobility Options – To increase personal choices and decrease carbon footprint
3. Mixed-use or Multi-use Development – To provide market flexibility and to support choices of sustainable
urban/suburban lifestyles. (This implies also that the design maximizes development yields consistent with fulfilling social
and environmental goals).
4. Ecological Awareness – To understand and enhance the role of nature in an urban environment
Strategies:
In each project, these overall objectives generate a series of major urban design strategies:

A . To Create an Infrastructure of Public Spaces that is Functional, Safe, Aesthetically Pleasing, Commercially
Successful, Well-Connected and Accessible to Diverse Populations

This primary strategy relies heavily on the following three sub-strategies for successful resolution:

B. To Design Buildings as the Walls to Urban Rooms

C. To Create a Particular Sense of “Place” from the Generic Medium of Urban Space

D. To Create a High Quality Pedestrian Environment

 In this digital context, the word “smart” is defined in many different ways, but perhaps the simplest
way of thinking about a “smart city” is one that has digital technology embedded across all city
functions.
A smart city uses its integrated communications technologies (ICTs) to fuel
sustainable economic and physical development by managing three critical areas:

1. Traditional Physical Infrastructure

• Transport
• Energy / utilities
• Public safety
• Environmental protection and enhancement

2. Civic Governance

• Administrative services for citizens

• Cultivating civic engagement through participatory and direct democracy

3. Economic Development

• Promoting innovation in industries, clusters and districts of the city

• Supporting “knowledge-intensive” companies and investments
• Supporting a workforce geared to the “knowledge economy” through good quality education
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