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Lecture 3

This document discusses free vibration in mechanical systems with a single degree of freedom. It defines free vibration, derives the equation of motion, and provides examples of spring-mass systems and how to determine their natural frequencies.

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Abraham Chala
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30 views

Lecture 3

This document discusses free vibration in mechanical systems with a single degree of freedom. It defines free vibration, derives the equation of motion, and provides examples of spring-mass systems and how to determine their natural frequencies.

Uploaded by

Abraham Chala
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Mechanical Vibration

Single Degree of Freedom System


Lecture 3
• Free vibration means that the mass is set into motion due to initial
disturbance with no externally applied force other than the spring
force, damper force, or gravitational force.
• To study the free-vibration response of the mass, we need to derive
the governing equation, known as the equation of motion.
• A system is said to undergo free vibration when it oscillates only
under an initial disturbance with no external forces acting afterward.
• Some examples are the oscillations of the pendulum of a grandfather
clock, the vertical oscillatory motion felt by a bicyclist after hitting a
road bump, and the motion of a child on a swing after an initial push.
• Figure 2.1(a) shows a spring-mass system that represents the simplest
possible vibratory system.
• It is called a single-degree-of-freedom system, since one coordinate (x)
is sufficient to specify the position of the mass at any time. There is no
external force applied to the mass; hence the motion resulting from an
initial disturbance will be free vibration.
• Since there is no element that causes dissipation of energy during the
motion of the mass, the amplitude of motion remains constant with
time; it is an undamped system.
• In actual practice, except in a vacuum, the amplitude of free vibration
diminishes gradually over time, due to the resistance offered by the
surrounding medium (such as air). Such vibrations are said to be
damped.
• In many practical systems, the mass is distributed, but for a simple
analysis, it can be approximated by a single point mass.
• Similarly, the elasticity of the system, which may be distributed
throughout the system, can also be idealized by a single spring.
Equation of Motion Using Newton s Second Law of Motion
• The procedure we will use can be summarized as follows:
1) Select a suitable coordinate to describe the position of the mass or
rigid body in the system.
2) Determine the static equilibrium configuration of the system and
measure the displacement of the mass or rigid body from its static
equilibrium position.
3) Draw the free-body diagram of the mass or rigid body when a
positive displacement and velocity are given to it.
• 4) Apply Newton s second law of motion to the mass or rigid body
shown by the Freebody diagram.
• Where is the resultant moment acting on the body and = are the
resulting angular displacement and angular acceleration, respectively.
• Equation of Motion of a Spring-Mass System in Vertical Position
• Consider the configuration of the spring-mass system shown in Fig.
2.7(a). The mass hangs at the lower end of a spring, which in turn is
attached to a rigid support at its upper end.
• At rest, the mass will hang in a position called the static equilibrium
position, in which the upward spring force exactly balances the
downward gravitational force on the mass.
• In this position the length of the spring is where is the static deflection
the elongation due to the weight W of the mass m
Example 1. Find the natural frequency of the pulley system shown in
Fig. 3.4 by neglecting the friction and the masses of the pulleys.
Example 2. Determine the natural frequency of the system shown in
Fig. below. Assume the pulleys to be frictionless and of negligible mass.
3. Draw the free-body diagram and derive the equation of motion using
Newton s second law of motion for each of the systems shown in Figs.
Below.
Example 1. Find the responses of systems governed by the following
equations of motion for the initial conditions x(0)=1,(x)=-1

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