Introduction to ICT

• Computer Crime
• Data security
• Security threats
• Computer virus
• Worms
• Personal computer security
• Backup of data
• Antivirus
• Data Protection Legislation
• Data Protection in Pakistan
• Intellectual Property
 Computer Crime
• A type of crime in which a computer is either
the target or the tool for an illegal activity is
called computer crime.
• A type of crime that refers to an illegal act
involving the internet is called cyber crime.
• It usually involves stealing, using or selling
someone else’s data.
Computer Crime: Computer Criminals
• Computer criminals are the persons who
commit computer crimes.
• Different type of computer criminals are
– Hacker
– Script Kiddie
– Corporate Spy
– Unethical Employee
– Cyber Extortionist
– Cyber Terrorist
 Security
• Security is a system that is used to protect a
computer system and data.
• It protects from intentional or accidental
damage or access by unauthorized persons.
• With the help of a security system, a computer
can detect whether the user is authorized or
not.
 Data Security
• Protection of data is called data security.
• Data stored in computer can be lost
accidentally or someone can damage it can be
lost completely or partially.
• Data is more valuable and important than
computer itself, so it should be saved in such a
way that it may not be lost or damaged.
• It is very important to protect data from illegal
and unauthorized access.
 Security Threats
• Computer security threat can be a computer
program or a person that violates computer
security.
• It may cause stealing or loss of data.
• It may also affect working of computer
 Security Threats
• Hacker:
– A person who accesses a computer, network and its
resources illegally is known as hacker.
– Hackers are computer experts and user their
computer knowledge for negative purpose.
– Hackers may steal
• Information of clients or customers.
• Credit card details
• Passwords to access computers illegally
• Email passwords to use email account without user’s
knowledge
 Security Threats
• Hardware Theft and Vandalism:
– Hardware theft is a process of stealing the
hardware equipment such as hard disk or monitor.
– Hardware vandalism is the process of defacing the
hardware equipment, e.g. an employee in an
organization may damage the keyboard and cut
the wires etc.
 Security Threats
• Software Theft:
– Software theft means that a person can steal
software media, erase software program or copy it
without permission
• Information Theft:
– Information theft is a process of stealing personal
or confidential information.
– The stolen information can further be used for
illegal activities e.g. stealing credit card details and
use it for online shopping.
 Security Threats
• System failure:
– System failure is an important security threat and
it occurs when the system does not function
properly for longer time.
– System failure may further cause loss of data,
software and hardware.
– It occurs due to various reasons
• Obsolete hardware
• Natural disaster such as flood, fire or storm
• Fluctuation in power supply
 Computer Virus
• A computer virus is a program that may
disturb the normal working of a computer
system.
• Virus attaches itself to files stored in flash
drives, email attachments and hard disk.
• A file containing a virus is called an infected
file and when it is copied to a computer, virus
is also copied to the computer.
 Computer Virus
• Computer viruses can not damage hardware
but they can cause many damages to
computer system.
• A computer virus can
– Damage data or software
– Delete some or all of the files
– Destroy all data by formatting hard disk
– Display a false message every few times.
 Computer Virus: Causes
• A virus is spread on different computers due
to following reasons
– Infected flash drives or disks
– Email attachments
– Insecure websites
– Networks
– Pirated software
 Computer Virus: Protection
• A computer system can b protected from
viruses by following these precautions
– Install latest anti-virus
– Upgrade antivirus regularly
– Scan flash drive before use
– Do not open junk or unknown emails
– Do not install pirated software
– Freeware and shareware software normally contain
viruses, so check the software before using it.
 Worms
• A worm is a program that copies itself
repeatedly in memory or disk until no space is
left there and computer may stop working in
this situation.
• Worms spreads from one computer to
another computer through networks.
• Some examples of worms are SQL Slammer,
The Blaster Worm, One-Half and cascade.
 Personal Computer security
• Avoid extreme conditions: The computer
system should not be placed in extreme
conditions, it should be safe from direct sun,
rain and extreme temperature.
• Avoid virus: Antivirus software must be
installed on the computer and must be
updated regularly.
 Personal Computer security
• Firewall:
– A firewall is a set combination of hardware and
software that prevents unauthorized access to a
network.
– It works between an organization’s internal
network and the internet.
– It protects data, information and storage media
from unauthorized access.
– It can also be used to stop internal users from
accessing certain sites.
 Personal Computer security
• Passwords:
– Password is a secret word that is used to protect a
computer system or program.
– The user has to type the password to access the
computer system, therefore the system can be
accessed only by the person who knows the
password.
– So the computer and the data stored on it will be
safe and protected.
 Personal Computer security
• Encryption:
– Encryption is a process of encoding data so that only
authorized user may understand and use it.
– Some strong encryption should be used to protect
important files.
• Backup:
– An additional copy of data or information stored on
secondary storage media is called backup.
– It is very important to take backup of data regularly
and store it at a safe and protected place.
 Backup of Data
• An additional copy of data or information
stored on secondary storage media is called
the backup of data.
• The common media for backup are USB flash
drives, magnetic tape, CD and external hard
disk.
 Backup of Data: Purpose
• An important file can be deleted accidentally.
• The user may overwrite a part or whole of an
existing file.
• A mechanical failure in the computer may
result in loss of data.
• A virus may damage the data.
• The computer system may be damaged due to
fire or power failure.
 Backup of Data: Types
• Two ways to take the backup of data are
– Complete backup
– Incremental backup
• Complete backup is the backup of all data on
the hard disk.
• Advantage of this backup is that entire hard
disk is backed-up and whole data can be
restored.
• It takes more time and storage capacity.
 Backup of Data: Types
• Incremental backup creates a copy of only the
data that is newly created or modified since
the last backup.
• This process is performed automatically in
some software.
• In this type, entire disk is not copied so it takes
less time and space.
 Antivirus
• Antivirus software is used to detect and remove
viruses, worms and adware etc.
• It contains information about different known
viruses.
• It runs in the background all the time and alerts
the computer user when any virus is detected.
• Some examples are McAfee, AVG, Kaspersky
and NOD32.
 Antivirus: McAfee
• McAfee is an American organization that has
developed an antivirus program called McAfee
VirusScan.
• McAfee
– Automatically detects and removes viruses
– Block adware before it installs on computer
– Remove existing adware
– Protects computer from hackers
– Can also check emails for viruses.
 Antivirus: AVG
• AVG stands for Antivirus Guard and is an
antivirus program developed by AVG
Technologies.
• It protects computer from latest viruses,
worms and other threats.
• The AVG Free Edition is also available that can
be downloaded, however it does not provide
full protection.
 Antivirus
• The antivirus software should be managed
properly to detect and remove viruses, worms
and adware from the computer system.
• Many new viruses are created and spread
continuously.
• The antivirus software must be updated
regularly in order to protect the computer
properly.
 Data Protection in Pakistan

“PERSONAL DATA PROTECTION BILL

2018”
 Intellectual Property
• Intellectual property is the unique and original
works such as ideas, inventions, writings and logos
etc.
• Intellectual property rights are such rights which
are given to persons who are the authors or
creators of the new and original literary and artistic
works such as books, articles , other
writings ,paintings , musical compositions,
sculpture , films and computer programs by
application of their creativity process and intellect.
 Intellectual Property
• Intellectual property rights are given to such
individuals to compensate for their efforts
during such creative process and their
investments.
• These rights are given for a certain period of
time and after which general public have the
right to freely benefit from them in their
benefit and use.
 Intellectual Property
• The term intellectual property, covers the following
aspects in the relevant categories namely:
– Copyright: literary, artistic and scientific works
covering books, journals, magazines, written
articles etc.
– Trademarks: trademarks, merchandise marks,
service marks, commercial names and
designations like logos.
 Intellectual Property
– Patents: inventions like a new form of airplane
engine, a floor cleaner, etc.
– Designs: it includes the shape of a bottle,
machine, model of luxury car or any other
product, etc.