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Chapter 1

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25 views19 pages

Chapter 1

Uploaded by

Ahmed Abdelhamid
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF

EXPERIMENTS

Prof. Tamer A. Mohamed


AIM

 The main aim of this module is to help students design,


conduct, analyse, interpret and communicate the results
of engineering experiments.
INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES

 Knowledge and Understanding


1. Describe the basic principles of experimentation;
2. Explain the guidelines for designing
experiments;

 Subject Specific Cognitive Skills


3. Apply statistical test of hypotheses and provide statistical
inferences;
INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES
Subject Specific Practical Skills
4. Design and analyse experiments that involve one factors
designs including randomized and randomized block
designs;
5. Design and analyse experiments that involve more than
one factor experiments including general factorial
experiments, 2k factorial experiments, and fractional
factorial;
6. Use software for the design and analysis of experiments;
INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES
Transferable skills
7. Analyse real life problems using design and analysis of
experiments.
ASSESSMENTS
SYLLABUS
 Introduction
 Simple Comparative Experiments
 Studies based on One Sample
 Estimation
 Test of Hypothesis

 Studies based on Two Samples


 Estimation
 Test of Hypothesis

 Experiments with single factor based on two or more samples


(ANOVA Analysis)
 Randomised Complete Block Design

 Factorial Design

 2k Factorial Design
Chapter 1 Introduction
• Experiment
“A planed course of action aimed at answering
one or more carefully framed questions”
• Design
“The pattern of experimentation, or the plan for
performing the experiment”
Statistically Designed Experiments
A restricted kind of experiments, in
which, the engineer (experimenter):
– Selects certain factors to study,
– Deliberately varies those factors, in a
controlled fashion, then
– Uses statistical methods to make
“objective” conclusions regarding their
effect.
The Strategy
Sequential Learning & the P-D-C-A cycle
Act: Plan:
Conclude and Confirm State the Problem
or (Hypothesis)
Modify and Re-Test A P
Check: Do:
Evaluate Results C D Select and Perform
Using Statistical the Experiment
Techniques
Experiments are performed to gain
knowledge about a process or system:
Controllable Factors
X1 X2 …. Xp

Input PROCESS Output


Y= Response
Z1 Z2 …. Zq
Uncontrollable Factors
Objectives
1. What are the influential variables?
2. Where to set the influential variables such
that Y is on target?
3. Where to set the influential variables so as to
minimize the variability in Y?
4. Where to set the influential variables so as to
minimize the effect of the uncontrollable
variables on Y?
Guidelines: [Coleman & Montgomery 1993]
1. Statement of the problem: (what I need to study)
Clear, unbiased and of practical consequence.
2. Choice of the factors:
Control variables:
Influential, Controllable and can be measured.
Nuisance factors:
NUISANCE FACTOR
 There effect is not of interest
 Unknown and Uncontrollable: we don’t know it.
(Randomization will help us to reduce or eliminate its
effect
 Known but Uncontrolled: Example, Environmental
humidity, Analysis of Covariance can be used “Outside
our study syllabus”
 Known and Controllable: Blocking or hold constant.
Blocking: we do the experiment in blocks. Hold
constant: we do the whole experiment at one level of
the variable
3. Selection of the response (s):
• Ability to capture a quality or quantity of interest.
• Can be obtained using Non-destructive testing.
• Continuous variable.
• Constant variance.
4. Choice of the design.
5. Perform the experiment.
6. Statistical data analysis.
7. Conclusions and Recommendations.
Basic Principles:
1. Replication:
• Repetition of the basic experiment.
• Provides an estimate of the error.
• Help obtain more precise estimates.
• Not to be confused with repeated
measurements.
2. Randomization:
• Pertains to the allocation of the units and the
order in which tests (runs) are performed.
• Key requirement of statistical methods.
• Average out the effect of unknown sources
of possible bias.
3. Blocking:
• A design technique used to improve the
precision with which comparisons are
made.
• Reduce/Eliminate the effect of “nuisance
factors” known to exist.
General Requirements:
1. Use your engineering knowledge,
2. Keep the design simple,
3. Recognize the difference between
statistical and practical significance,
4. Allow for iterative experimentation.

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