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18 views

Unit 1

Uploaded by

kishorghatage89
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Sensors

Definition
• A sensor is a device that receives a stimulus and responds
with an electrical signal.

Fig 1.1

Level control system. A sight tube and the operator’s eye form a
sensor.
FALL 2004 SOPHOMORE CLINIC 2
What are some quantities
that can be sensed?

• Motion, position, • Sound


displacement • Moisture
• Velocity and • Light
acceleration • Radiation
• Force, strain
• Temperature
• Pressure
• Chemical presence
• Flow
These quantities are the stimulus.

FALL 2004 SOPHOMORE CLINIC 3


The Response is an
Electrical Signal

• When we say electrical we mean • The voltage, current or charge


a signal which can be channeled, may be describe by:
amplified and modified by
electronic devices:
– Amplitude
– Voltage – Frequency
– Current – Phase
– Charge – Digital code

FALL 2004 SOPHOMORE CLINIC 4


Any sensor is an energy converter
• This conversion can be direct or it may require
transducers.
Fig 1.2

• Example:
– A chemical sensor may have a part which converts the
energy of a chemical reaction into heat (transducer) and
another part, a thermopile, which converts heat into an
electrical signal.

FALL 2004 SOPHOMORE CLINIC 5


Physical Principles of Sensing
• Charges, fields & • Seebeck and Peltier
potentials effects
• Capacitance • Thermal properties
• Magnetism of materials
• Induction • Heat transfer
• Resistance • Light
• Piezoelectric effect

FALL 2004 SOPHOMORE CLINIC 6


Pressure Sensors

Burdon Tube Pressure gauge


Pressure Sensors

Pressure Bellows
Pressure Sensors
Pressure Sensors

Pneumatic Back Pressure sensor


Displacement Sensors
Displacement Sensors
The Linear Variable Differential
Transformer
Velocity Sensors
Velocity Sensors
Magnetic Pick up
Optical Pick up
Temperature Sensors
Thermo-Couple

1. See beck-effect: This type of effect occurs among


two dissimilar metals. When the heat offers to
any one of the metal wire, then the flow of
electrons supplies from hot metal wire to cold
metal wire. Therefore, direct current stimulates
in the circuit.
2. Peltier-effect: This Peltier effect is opposite to the
Seebeck effect. This effect states that the
difference of the temperature can be formed
among any two dissimilar conductors by applying
the potential variation among them.
3. Thompson-effect: This effect states that as two
disparate metals fix together & if they form two
joints then the voltage induces the total
conductor’s length due to the gradient of
temperature. This is a physical word that
demonstrates the change in rate and direction of
temperature at an exact position.
Resistance Temperature Detector

This particular design has a platinum


element that is surrounded by a
porcelain insulator. The insulator
prevents a short circuit between the wire
and the metal sheath. Inconel, a nickel-
iron-chromium alloy, is normally used in
manufacturing the RTD sheath because
of its inherent corrosion resistance.
When placed in a liquid or gas medium,
the Inconel sheath quickly reaches the
temperature of the medium. The change
in temperature will cause the platinum
wire to heat or cool, resulting in a
proportional change in resistance.
Thermistors

made from a pressed disc, rod, plate, bead or cast chip of semiconducting material such
as sintered metal oxides.
Force Sensors Strain Gauges
Load Cell
Optical Encoders
Incremental Encoders

By counting pulses or by timing the


pulse width using a clock signal, both
angular displacement and angular
velocity can be determined.
– Displacement, however, is obtained
with respect to some reference point
on the disk, as indicated by a reference
pulse (index pulse) generated at that
location on the disk. The index pulse
count determines the number of full
revolutions.
Absolute Encoders
An absolute encoder has many pulse tracks on
its transducer disk.
– When the disk of an absolute encoder rotates,
several pulse trains – equal in number to the
tracks on the disk – are generated
simultaneously

– At a given instant, the magnitude of each pulse signal will have one
of two signal levels (i.e., a binary state) as determined by a level
detector. This signal level corresponds to a binary digit (0 or 1).
Hence, the set of pulse trains gives an encoded binary number at any
instant.
– The pulse windows on the tracks can be organized into some
pattern (code) so that each of these binary numbers corresponds to
the angular position of the encoder disk at the time when the
particular binary number is detected.

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