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Unit 3

The document discusses pneumatic systems and their components like compressors, air treatment units, actuators, and directional control valves. It also covers different types of electric motors including DC motors, AC motors like synchronous and induction motors. The document provides details on their working, classifications, components, and factors affecting efficiency.

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kishorghatage89
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24 views

Unit 3

The document discusses pneumatic systems and their components like compressors, air treatment units, actuators, and directional control valves. It also covers different types of electric motors including DC motors, AC motors like synchronous and induction motors. The document provides details on their working, classifications, components, and factors affecting efficiency.

Uploaded by

kishorghatage89
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Drives

Unit 3
Pneumatic Systems/Drives
Receiver tank
Compressor
Air treatment unit
For satisfactory operation of the pneumatic system the
compressed air needs to be cleaned and dried. Atmospheric air
is contaminated with dust, smoke and is humid. These particles
can cause wear of the system components and presence of
moisture may cause corrosion. Hence it is essential to treat the
air to get rid of these impurities.
Actuators
• Actuators are output devices which convert
energy from pressurized hydraulic oil or
compressed air into the required type of
action or motion. In general, hydraulic or
pneumatic systems are used for gripping
and/or moving operations in industry. These
operations are carried out by using actuators.
• Actuators can be classified into three types.
• 1. Linear actuators: These devices convert
hydraulic/pneumatic energy into linear motion.
• 2. Rotary actuators: These devices convert
hydraulic/pneumatic energy into rotary motion.
• 3. Actuators to operate flow control valves: these are
used to control the flow and pressure of fluids such
as gases, steam or liquid.
• The construction of hydraulic and pneumatic linear
actuators is similar. However they differ at their
operating pressure ranges. Typical pressure of
hydraulic cylinders is about 100 bar and of pneumatic
system is around 10 bar.
Gear motor: a rotary actuator
Vane motor: a rotary actuator
Directional control valves (DCVs)
• They determine the path through which a fluid
transverses a given circuit.
A valve is a device that receives an external signal (mechanical, fluid
pilot signal, electrical or electronics) to release, stop or redirect the
fluid that flows through it. The function of a DCV is to control the
direction of fluid flow in any hydraulic system. A DCV does this by
changing the position of internal movable parts. To be more specific,
a DCV is mainly required for the following purposes:
 To start, stop, accelerate, decelerate and change the direction of
motion of a hydraulic actuator.
 To permit the free flow from the pump to the reservoir at low
pressure when the pump’s delivery is not needed into the system.
 To vent the relief valve by either electrical or mechanical control.
 To isolate certain branch of a circuit.
• Classification of DCVs based Fluid Path
• Based on fluid path, DCVs can be classified as
follows:
•  Check valves.
•  Shuttle valves.
•  Two-way valves.
•  Three-way valves.
•  Four-way valves.
• Classification of DCVs based on Design
Characteristics
• Based on design characteristics, DCVs can be
classified as follows:
•  An internal valve mechanism that directs the
flow of fluid. Such a mechanism can either be a
poppet, a ball, a sliding spool, a rotary plug or a
rotary disk.
•  Number of switching positions (usually 2 or 3).
•  Number of connecting ports or ways.
•  Method of valve actuation that causes the valve
mechanism to move into an alternate position.
Check valve
Electro-pneumatic valves
Hydraulic Cylinders
Electric Drives/ Motors
Introduction
What is an Electric Motor?
• Electromechanical device that converts
electrical energy to mechanical energy
• Mechanical energy used to e.g.
• Rotate pump impeller, fan, blower
• Drive compressors
• Lift materials

• Motors in industry: 70% of electrical


load
Introduction
How Does an Electric Motor Work?
Introduction
How Does an Electric Motor Work?
Introduction
How Does an Electric Motor Work?
Introduction

Three types of Motor Load


Motor loads Description Examples

Constant torque Output power varies but Conveyors, rotary kilns,


loads torque is constant constant-displacement
pumps

Variable torque Torque varies with square Centrifugal pumps, fans


loads of operation speed

Constant power Torque changes inversely Machine tools


loads with speed
Type of Electric Motors
Classification of Motors
Electric Motors

Alternating Current (AC) Direct Current (DC) Motors


Motors

Synchronous Induction Separately Excited Self Excited

Single-Phase Three-Phase Series Compound Shunt


Type of Electric Motors
DC Motors – Components
• Field pole
• North pole and south pole
• Receive electricity to form
magnetic field
• Armature
• Cylinder between the poles
• Electromagnet when current goes through
• Linked to drive shaft to drive the load

• Commutator
• Overturns current direction in armature
Type of Electric Motors
DC motors
• Speed control without impact power
supply quality
• Changing armature voltage
• Changing field current

• Restricted use
• Few low/medium speed applications
• Clean, non-hazardous areas

• Expensive compared to AC motors


Type of Electric Motors
AC Motors
• Electrical current reverses direction
• Two parts: stator and rotor
• Stator: stationary electrical component
• Rotor: rotates the motor shaft

• Speed difficult to control


• Two types
• Synchronous motor
• Induction motor
Type of Electric Motors
AC Motors – Synchronous motor
• Constant speed fixed by system
frequency
• DC for excitation and low starting
torque: suited for low load applications
• Can improve power factor: suited for
high electricity use systems
• Synchronous speed (Ns):

F = supply frequency
Ns = 120 f / P P = number of poles
Type of Electric Motors
AC Motors – Induction motor

• Most common motors in industry


• Advantages:
• Simple design
• Inexpensive
• High power to weight ratio
• Easy to maintain
• Direct connection to AC power source
Type of Electric Motors
AC Motors – Induction motor
Components
• Rotor
• Squirrel cage:
conducting bars
in parallel slots
• Wound rotor: 3-phase, double-layer,
distributed winding (Automated Buildings)

• Stator
• Stampings with slots to carry 3-phase windings
• Wound for definite number of poles
Type of Electric Motors
AC Motors – Induction motor
How induction motors work
• Electricity supplied to stator
• Magnetic field generated that moves around
rotor
• Current induced in rotor
Electromagnetics

• Rotor produces second


magnetic field that
opposes stator magnetic
field Rotor

• Rotor begins to rotate Stator


Type of Electric Motors
AC Motors – Induction motor
• Single-phase induction motor
• One stator winding
• Single-phase power supply
• Squirrel cage rotor
• Require device to start motor
• 3 to 4 HP applications
• Household appliances: fans, washing
machines, dryers
Type of Electric Motors
AC Motors – Induction motor
• Three-phase induction motor
• Three-phase supply produces magnetic
field
• Squirrel cage or wound rotor
• Self-starting
• High power capabilities
• 1/3 to hundreds HP applications: pumps,
compressors, conveyor belts, grinders
• 70% of motors in industry!
Type of Electric Motors
AC Motors – Induction motor
Speed and slip
• Motor never runs at synchronous
speed but lower “base speed”
• Difference is “slip”
• Install slip ring to avoid this
• Calculate % slip:

% Slip = Ns – Nb x 100 Ns = synchronous speed in RPM


Nb = base speed in RPM
Ns
Assessment of Electric Motors
Efficiency of Electric Motors
Motors loose energy when serving a load
• Fixed loss
• Rotor loss
• Stator loss
• Friction and rewinding
• Stray load loss
Assessment of Electric Motors
Efficiency of Electric Motors
Factors that influence efficiency
• Age
• Capacity
• Speed
• Type
• Temperature
• Rewinding
• Load
Assessment of Electric Motors
Efficiency of Electric Motors
Motor part load efficiency
• Designed for 50-100% load
• Most efficient at 75% load
• Rapid drop below 50% load

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