Chapter Three

Control Statements
 Conditional Statements
 Looping Statements
 Other Statements

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1. Conditional Statements
The ‘if’ Statement
General form:
if (expression)
statement;
• First expression is evaluated
– If the outcome is nonzero (true) then statement is executed.
– Otherwise, nothing happens.
• Example: if (count != 0)
average = sum / count;
• To make multiple statements dependent on the same condition, we can use a
compound statement:
if (balance > 0) {
interest = balance * creditRate;
balance += interest;
}

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 ‘If-else’ Statement
• A variant form of the if statement allows us to specify two alternative
statements
General form:
if (expression)
statement1;
else
statement2;
• First expression is evaluated
– If the outcome is nonzero (true) then statement1 is executed.
– Otherwise, statement2 is executed.
Example:
if (balance > 0)
interest = balance * creditRate;
else
interest = balance * debitRate;
balance += interest; 3
Nested if Statement

• Having an if statement appear inside another if statement

Example 1:
if (callHour > 6) {
if (callDuration <= 5)
charge = callDuration * tarrif1;
else
charge = 5 * tarrif1 + (callDuration - 5) * tarrif2;
} else
charge = flatFee;

Example 2:
if (ch >= '0' && ch <= '9')
kind = digit;
else {
if (ch >= 'A' && ch <= 'Z')
kind = upperLetter;
else {
if (ch >= 'a' && ch <= 'z')
kind = lowerLetter;
else
kind = special;
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}
 The ‘switch’ Statement
• Provides a way of choosing between a set of alternatives, based on the value of an
expression.
General form:
switch (expression) {
case constant1:
statements;
...
case constantn:
statements;
default:
statements;
}
• First expression (called the switch tag) is evaluated:
– And the outcome is compared to each of the numeric constants (called case
labels), in the order they appear, until a match is found.
– The statements following the matching case are then executed.
• Execution continues until either a break statement is encountered or all intervening
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 The ‘switch’ statement……cont’d
Example:
switch (operator) {
case '+': result = operand1 + operand2;
break;
case '-': result = operand1 - operand2;
break;
case '*': result = operand1 * operand2;
break;
case '/': result = operand1 / operand2;
break;
default: cout << "unknown operator: " << ch << '\n';
break;
}
• Switch statement can also be written as multiple if-else statements.
Example: if (operator == '+')
result = operand1 + operand2;
else if (operator == '-')
result = operand1 - operand2;
else if (operator == 'x' || operator == '*')
result = operand1 * operand2;
else if (operator == '/')
result = operand1 / operand2; 6
else
 2. Looping Statement

The ‘while’ Statement

• Provides a way of repeating a statement while a condition holds.
General form:
while (expression)
statement;
• First expression (called the loop condition) is evaluated.
– If the outcome is nonzero then statement (called the loop body) is executed
and the whole process is repeated.
– Otherwise, the loop is terminated.
Example: suppose we wish to calculate the sum of all numbers from 1 to some integer
denoted by n.
i = 1;
sum = 0;
while (i <= n)
sum += i;
For n=5
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 The ‘for’ statement
• is similar to the while statement, but has two additional components:
– an expression which is evaluated only once before everything else, and
– an expression which is evaluated once at the end of each iteration.
General form:
for (expression1; expression2; expression3)
statement;
• First expression1 is evaluated
• Each time round the loop, expression2 is evaluated
– If the outcome is nonzero then statement is executed and expression3 is
evaluated
– Otherwise, the loop is terminated.
• The general for loop is equivalent to the following while loop:
expression1;
while (expression2) {
statement;
expression3;
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}
 The ‘for’ statement …….cont’d
• The most common use of for loops is for situations where a variable is incremented
or decremented with every iteration of the loop.
Example: The following for loop calculates the sum of all integers from 1 to n.
int i; int sum; int sum;
sum = 0; sum=0;

for (i = 1; i <= n; ++i) OR for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i)

sum += i; sum += i;
• This is preferred to the while-loop version we saw earlier. In this example, i is
usually called the loop variable.
• Any of the three expressions in a for loop may be empty.
Example: for (; i != 0;) // is equivalent to: while (i != 0)
something; // something;
• Removing all the expressions gives us an infinite loop. This loop's condition is
assumed to be always true.
Example: for (;;) // infinite loop
something; 9
 The ‘for’ statement …….cont’d
• ‘for’ loops with multiple loop variables are not unusual. In such cases, the comma
operator is used to separate their expressions:
Example: for (i = 0, j = 0; i + j < n; ++i, ++j)
something;
• loops can also be nested
Example: for (int i = 1; i <= 3; ++i)
for (int j = 1; j <= 3; ++j)
cout << '(' << i << ',' << j << ")\n";
produces the product of the set {1,2,3} with itself, giving the output:
(1,1)
(1,2)
(1,3)
(2,1)
(2,2)
(2,3)
(3,1)
(3,2)
(3,3) 10
 The ‘do…while’ Statement

• is similar to the while statement, except that its body is executed first and then the
loop condition is examined.
• General form:
do
statement;
while (expression);
• First statement is executed and then expression is evaluated
– If the outcome of the latter is nonzero then the whole process is repeated.
– Otherwise, the loop is terminated.
• It is useful for situations where we need the loop body to be executed at least once,
regardless of the loop condition.
Example: repeatedly read a value and print its square, and stop when the value is zero.
do {
cin >> n;
cout << n * n << '\n';
} while (n != 0);
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 3. Other Statements
The ‘continue’ Statement
• terminates the current iteration of a loop and instead jumps to the next iteration.
• It applies to the loop immediately enclosing the continue statement.
• It is an error to use the continue statement outside a loop.
Example: a loop which repeatedly reads in a number, processes it but ignores negative
numbers, and terminates when the number is zero,
do {
cin >> num;
if (num < 0) continue;
cout<<num++;
} while (num != 0);
This is equivalent to:
do {
cin >> num;
if (num >= 0) {
cout<<num++;
} 12
 The ‘break’ Statement
• May appear inside a loop (while, do, or for) or a switch statement.
• It causes a jump out of these constructs, and hence terminates them.
• Only applies to the loop or switch immediately enclosing it.
• It is an error to use the break statement outside a loop or a switch.

Example: suppose we wish to read in a user password, but would like to allow the user
a limited number of attempts.
for (int n = 0; n<=7; n++)
{ if(n == 5)
break;
cout<<n;
}
Output: 01234

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