Chapter Five

Magnetic Field
 Electric Field & Magnetic Field
 Electric forces acting at a distance  Magnetic forces acting at a
through electric field. distance through Magnetic field.
 Vector field, E.  Vector field, B
 Source: electric charge.  Source: moving electric charge
 Positive charge (+) and negative (current or magnetic substance,
charge (-). such as permanent magnet).
 Opposite charges attract, like  North pole (N) and south pole (S)
charges repel.  Opposite poles attract, like poles
 Electric field lines visualizing the repel.
direction and magnitude of E.  Magnetic field lines visualizing the
direction and magnitude of B.

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 
Definition of B
 Test charge and electric field  Test monopole and

magnetic field ?

 F  FB
E E B
q p
 Magnetic poles are always found in
N S N S NS pairs. A single magnetic pole has
never been isolated.
 Define B at some point in space in terms of the magnetic
force FB that the field exerts on a charged particle
moving with a velocity v :
 The magnitude FB is proportional to the charge q and to the
speed v of the particle.
 FB = 0 when the charged particle moves parallel to the
magnetic field vector.
 When velocity vector makes any angle θ≠0 with the
magnetic field, FB is perpendicular to both B and v.
 FB on a positive charge is opposite on a negative charge.
 The magnitude FB is proportional to sinθ.
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 Magnetic Fields
 Magnetic force   
FB  q v  B
 Right-hand rule determine the direction of magnetic force.
So the magnetic force is always perpendicular to v and B.
 The magnitude of the magnetic force is

FB  q vB sin 

    
FE  q E FB  q v  B
 The electric force is along the direction of the electric field, the
magnetic force is perpendicular to the magnetic field.
 The electric force acts on a charged particle regardless of whether
the particle is moving, the magnetic force acts on a charged
particle only when the particle is in motion.
 The electric force does work in displacing a charged particle, the
magnetic force does no work when a particle is displaced.

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 Magnitude of Magnetic Force
1. A particle in a magnetic field is found to has
zero magnetic force on it. Which situation is
impossible to happen?
FB  q vB sin 
A. The particle is neutral.
B. The particle is stationary.
C. The motion of the particle is along magnetic field.
D. The motion of the particle is opposite to magnetic field.
E. All of them are possible.

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 Magnetic Field
Example
An electron in an old-style television picture tube moves
toward the front of the tube with a speed of 8x10 6 m/s along
the x axis . Surrounding the neck of the tube are coils of wire
that create a magnetic field of magnitude 0.025 T, directed at
an angle of 600 to the x axis and lying in the xy plane.
Calculate the magnetic force on the electron.

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Solution:

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 Magnetic Fields
 Magnetic field: FB At surface of neutron star 108 T
B
qv Near big electromagnet 1.5 T
 SI unit of magnetic field: tesla (T) Inside sunspot 10-1 T
 1T = 1 N/[Cm/s] = 1 N/[Am] = 10 4 gauss Near small bar magnet 10-2 T
 Magnetic field lines with similar rules: At Earth’s surface 10-4 T
 The direction of the tangent to a magnetic In interstellar space 10-10 T
field line at any point gives the direction
of B at that point;
 The spacing of the lines represents the
magnitude of B – the magnetic field is
stronger where the lines are closer
together, and conversely.

CONVENTION

OUT IN

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 Motion of a Charged Particle in a
Uniform Magnetic Field
 FB never has a component parallel to v and can’t
change the particle’s kinetic energy. The force
can change only the direction of v.
 Charged particle moves in a circle in a plane
perpendicular to the magnetic field.
 Start with  F  FB  ma
 Then, we have mv 2
FB  qvB 
r
mv  T and ω do not depend on v of the particle.
 The radius of the circular path: r 
qB Fast particles move in large circles and slow
 The angular speed:   v  qB ones in small circles, but all particles with the
r m same charge-to-mass ratio take the same
time T to complete one round trip.
 The period of the motion:  The direction of rotation for a positive
2r 2 2m particle is always counterclockwise, and the
T   direction for a negative particle is always
v  qB clockwise.

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 Motion of a Charged Particle
in Magnetic Field
 Circle Paths: v is perpendicular to B (uniform);
 Helical Paths: v has a component parallel to B.

v||  v cos 
v  v sin 
 Motion in a nonuniform magnetic field: strong at
the ends and weak in the middle;
 Magnetic bottle
 Aurora

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Example
In an experiment designed to measure the magnitude of a uniform
magnetic field, electrons are accelerated from rest through a potential
difference of 350 V and then enter a uniform magnetic field that is
perpendicular to the velocity vector of the electrons. The electrons travel
along a curved path because of the magnetic force exerted on them, and
the radius of the path is measured to be 7.5 cm. (Such a curved beam of
electrons is shown in Fig. below) (A) What is the magnitude of the
magnetic field?

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(B) What is the angular speed of the electrons?

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 Motion of a Charged Particle in a Uniform
Electric Field and Magnetic Field
 Charged particle in both electric field and
magnetic field
   
F  q E  q v B

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 Magnetic Force on a Current-
Carrying Wire
 Free electrons (negative charges) move with
drift velocity vd opposite to the current.
 Electrons in this section
 
feel Lorentz force:
F B  (q vd  B )nAL
 We have i  nqvd A
 So,   
F B  i L B
 Wire is pushed/pulled by the charges. L is a
length vector that points in the direction of i
and has a magnitude equal to the length.

 Arbitrarily shaped wire segment of uniform

cross section in a magnetic field.  b  
  
d F B  I ds B F B  I  ds B
a
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Example
A wire bent into a semicircle of radius R forms a closed circuit
and carries a current I. The wire lies in the xy plane, and a
uniform magnetic field is directed along the positive y axis as
in the Figure . Find the magnitude and direction of the
magnetic force acting on the straight portion of the wire and
on the curved portion.

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Furthermore, F1 + F2 =0 is also a general result: the net
magnetic force acting on any closed current loop in a uniform
magnetic field is zero.
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Torque on a Current Loop in a Uniform Magnetic Field

Consider a rectangular loop carrying a current I in the

presence of a uniform magnetic field directed parallel to the
plane of the loop:

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The magnitude of these forces

If the loop is pivoted so that it can rotate about

point O, these two forces produce about O a
torque that rotates the loop clockwise. The
magnitude of this torque τ is: max

where the moment arm about O is b/2 for each force.

because the area of the loop is A=ab

This maximum-torque result is valid only when the magnetic
field is parallel to the plane of the loop. Let say the angle
between B and A is any angle Ɵ:

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 The Magnetic Dipole Moment
 
 Magnetic dipole moment
 iA

 SI unit: Am2, Nm/T = J/T 
B
 A coil of wire has N loops of the same area:
  Small bar magnet 5 J/T
 coil  Ni A
   Earth 8.0×1022 J/T
 Torque    B
Proton 1.4×10-26 J/T
 
 Magnetic potential U    B Electron 9.3×10-24 J/T

 Electric dipole and magnetic dipole

Electric Dipole Magnetic Dipole

Moment p  qd   NiA
  
  

Torque   p E    B B
   
Potential Energy U   p E U    B

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U   p E
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Example
A rectangular coil of dimensions 5.40cmx8.5cm consists of 25
turns of wire and carries a current of 15.0 mA. A 0.35-T
magnetic field is applied parallel to the plane of the coil.
A) Calculate the magnitude of the magnetic dipole moment of
the coil.

(B) What is the magnitude of the torque acting

on the loop?
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The Hall Effect
When a current-carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic
field, a potential difference is generated in a direction
perpendicular to both the current and the magnetic field. This
phenomenon, first observed by Edwin Hall (1855–1938) in
1879, is known as the Hall effect.
A sensitive voltmeter connected across the sample can
measure the potential difference, known as the Hall voltage
ΔVH, generated across the conductor.

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In equilibrium, this force is balanced by the electric force qEH,
where EH is the magnitude of the electric field due to the
charge separation (sometimes referred to as the Hall field).
Therefore,

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The Biot–Savart Law

Biot-Savart’s law helps us to

determine the magnitude of
the magnetic field produced
by a current carrying
conductor using the following
observation:

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Example
Consider a thin, straight wire of finite length carrying a
constant current I and placed along the x axis as shown in the
Figure. Determine the magnitude and direction of the
magnetic field at point P due to this current.

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Example
Calculate the magnetic field at point O for the
current-carrying wire segment shown in the
Figure. The wire consists of two straight portions
and a circular arc of radius a, which subtends an
angle Ɵ.

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The magnetic field at O due to the current in the
straight segments AA’ and CC’ is zero because ds
is parallel to r along these paths, which means that
dSX r=0 for these paths.

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The Magnetic Force Between Two Parallel Conductors
Consider two long, straight, parallel wires separated
by a distance a and carrying currents I1 and I2 in the
same direction as in Figure below. Let’s determine the
force exerted on one wire due to the magnetic field set
up by the other wire.

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Hence, parallel conductors
carrying currents in the same
direction attract each other,
and parallel conductors
carrying currents in opposite
directions repel each other.

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Ampère’s Law

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Ampère’s Law

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 The right-hand rule for determining
the direction of the magnetic field
surrounding a long, straight wire
carrying a current. Notice that the
magnetic field lines form circles
around the wire.

let’s evaluate the product B S ? d sS for a small length

element on the circular path defined by the compass needles
and sum the products for all elements over the closed circular
path(Amperian’s loop).
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The general case, known asAmpère’s law, can be stated as
follows:

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 Example
A long, straight wire of radius R carries a steady
current I that is uniformly distributed through the
cross section of the wire . Calculate the magnetic
field a distance r from the center of the wire in the
regions r >R and r<R.

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