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Class 3 Values

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Disclaimer

 We respect your values and beliefs. All the


discussion in this class are for educational
purpose and not to insult or harm anyone.
 The content of the class does not bear the

opinion of the faculty.


Values
Tijo Thomas
Values
 Values represent basic convictions that “a specific
mode of conduct or end state of existence is
personally or socially preferable to an opposite or
converse mode of conduct or end-state of existence.
 Values contain a judgmental element because they
carry an individual’s ideas about what is right, good,
or desirable. They have both content and intensity
attributes. The content attribute says a mode of
conduct or end-state of existence is important. The
intensity attribute specifies how important it is.
When we rank values in terms of intensity, we obtain
that person’s value system.
 We all have a hierarchy of values according to
the relative importance we assign to values
such as freedom, pleasure, self-respect,
honesty, obedience, and equality.
 Values tend to be relatively stable and

enduring.
 Many of the values we hold are established in

our early years—by parents, teachers, friends,


and others.
Disclaimer
 The following memes are for entertainment
purpose only. It does not represent the
opinion of the faculty
Hofstede’s framework
 1970s by Geert Hofstede
 116,000 IBM employees in 40 countries
 Power distance. Power distance describes the
degree to which people in a country accept that
power in institutions and organizations is
distributed unequally.
 Individualism versus collectivism. Individualism is
the degree to which people prefer to act as
individuals rather than as members of groups and
believe in an individual’s rights above all else.
Collectivism emphasizes a tight social framework
in which people expect others in groups of which
they are a part to look after them and protect
them.
 Masculinity versus femininity. Hofstede’s
construct of masculinity is the degree to which
the culture favors traditional masculine roles
such as achievement, power, and control, as
opposed to viewing men and women as equals. A
high masculinity rating indicates the culture has
separate roles for men and women, with men
dominating the society. A high femininity rating
means the culture sees little differentiation
between male and female roles and treats women
as the equals of men in all respects.
 Uncertainty avoidance. The degree to which people in a
country prefer structured over unstructured situations
defines their uncertainty avoidance. In cultures scoring
high on uncertainty avoidance, people have increased
anxiety about uncertainty and ambiguity and use laws
and controls to reduce uncertainty. People in cultures
low on uncertainty avoidance are more accepting of
ambiguity, are less rule oriented, take more risks, and
more readily accept change.
 • Long-term versus short-term orientation. This
typology measures a society’s devotion to traditional
values. People in a culture with long-term orientation
look to the future and value thrift, persistence, and
tradition. In a short-term orientation, people value the
here and now; they also accept change more readily
and don’t see commitments as impediments to
change.
GLOBE framework
 Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior
Effectiveness (GLOBE) 1993
 825 organizations in 62 countries,
 Dimensions—such as power distance, individualism/
collectivism, uncertainty avoidance, gender
differentiation (similar to masculinity versus femininity),
and future orientation (similar to long-term versus
short-term orientation) humane orientation (the degree
to which a society rewards individuals for being
altruistic, generous, and kind to others) and
performance orientation (the degree to which a society
encourages and rewards group members for
performance improvement and excellence)

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