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Disclaimer
We respect your values and beliefs. All the
discussion in this class are for educational purpose and not to insult or harm anyone. The content of the class does not bear the
opinion of the faculty.
Values Tijo Thomas Values Values represent basic convictions that “a specific mode of conduct or end state of existence is personally or socially preferable to an opposite or converse mode of conduct or end-state of existence. Values contain a judgmental element because they carry an individual’s ideas about what is right, good, or desirable. They have both content and intensity attributes. The content attribute says a mode of conduct or end-state of existence is important. The intensity attribute specifies how important it is. When we rank values in terms of intensity, we obtain that person’s value system. We all have a hierarchy of values according to the relative importance we assign to values such as freedom, pleasure, self-respect, honesty, obedience, and equality. Values tend to be relatively stable and
enduring. Many of the values we hold are established in
our early years—by parents, teachers, friends,
and others. Disclaimer The following memes are for entertainment purpose only. It does not represent the opinion of the faculty Hofstede’s framework 1970s by Geert Hofstede 116,000 IBM employees in 40 countries Power distance. Power distance describes the degree to which people in a country accept that power in institutions and organizations is distributed unequally. Individualism versus collectivism. Individualism is the degree to which people prefer to act as individuals rather than as members of groups and believe in an individual’s rights above all else. Collectivism emphasizes a tight social framework in which people expect others in groups of which they are a part to look after them and protect them. Masculinity versus femininity. Hofstede’s construct of masculinity is the degree to which the culture favors traditional masculine roles such as achievement, power, and control, as opposed to viewing men and women as equals. A high masculinity rating indicates the culture has separate roles for men and women, with men dominating the society. A high femininity rating means the culture sees little differentiation between male and female roles and treats women as the equals of men in all respects. Uncertainty avoidance. The degree to which people in a country prefer structured over unstructured situations defines their uncertainty avoidance. In cultures scoring high on uncertainty avoidance, people have increased anxiety about uncertainty and ambiguity and use laws and controls to reduce uncertainty. People in cultures low on uncertainty avoidance are more accepting of ambiguity, are less rule oriented, take more risks, and more readily accept change. • Long-term versus short-term orientation. This typology measures a society’s devotion to traditional values. People in a culture with long-term orientation look to the future and value thrift, persistence, and tradition. In a short-term orientation, people value the here and now; they also accept change more readily and don’t see commitments as impediments to change. GLOBE framework Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness (GLOBE) 1993 825 organizations in 62 countries, Dimensions—such as power distance, individualism/ collectivism, uncertainty avoidance, gender differentiation (similar to masculinity versus femininity), and future orientation (similar to long-term versus short-term orientation) humane orientation (the degree to which a society rewards individuals for being altruistic, generous, and kind to others) and performance orientation (the degree to which a society encourages and rewards group members for performance improvement and excellence)