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FM Topic 3 Lecture 1

The document discusses presenting relationships between two variables in graphical form and presenting linear equations graphically. It covers drawing graphs from data tables, estimating values from graphs, and representing simple equations as graphs by plotting corresponding x and y values. The document also discusses the standard form of a linear equation as y=mx+c and defines the meaning of m and c in terms of the gradient and y-intercept of the line.

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32 views17 pages

FM Topic 3 Lecture 1

The document discusses presenting relationships between two variables in graphical form and presenting linear equations graphically. It covers drawing graphs from data tables, estimating values from graphs, and representing simple equations as graphs by plotting corresponding x and y values. The document also discusses the standard form of a linear equation as y=mx+c and defines the meaning of m and c in terms of the gradient and y-intercept of the line.

Uploaded by

xebulem
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Foundation Mathematics

Topic 3 – Lecture 1: Solving algebraic


equations using graphs

Presenting information in graphical form


Presenting linear equations in graphical form

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Solving Algebraic Equations using Graphs 1 Topic 3 - 1.2

Scope and Coverage


This topic will cover:
• Relationships between two variables as expressed in
graphical form
• Presenting relationships as expressed in an algebraic
equation in graphical form

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Solving Algebraic Equations using Graphs 1 Topic 3 - 1.3

Learning Outcomes
By the end of this topic students will be able to:
• Present a range of data in graphical form
• Present a range of linear equations in graphical form

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Solving Algebraic Equations using Graphs 1 Topic 3 - 1.4

Introduction to Drawing Graphs


• Presenting information which highlights the relationship
between two variables such as
x 0 2 4 6 8

y 0 4 16 36 64

• For every increase in x there is an increase in the value


of y (and of course as y increases so does x)

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Solving Algebraic Equations using Graphs 1 Topic 3 - 1.5

Basic Rules
• Basic rules for drawing graphs:
- Values of x are always plotted along the horizontal axis and
values of y along the vertical axis.
- We need to chose a suitable scale for our axis

• If we now plot this information as a graph we get…

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Solving Algebraic Equations using Graphs 1 Topic 3 - 1.6

Plot Information
When a graph is either a
straight line or smooth curve
we can use the graph to
deduce corresponding values
of x and y between those given
in the table (interpolation).

If we draw a horizontal line


from y = 9 to our curve and
then a vertical line to our x axis
we can see that the value of x
= 3. Therefore when y = 9 , x =
3

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Solving Algebraic Equations using Graphs 1 Topic 3 - 1.7

Drawing Graphs - 1
• The table below gives corresponding values of x and y.
Plot a graph and from it estimate the value of x when y =
30.

x 0 1 2 3 4 5
y 3 5 11 21 35 63

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Solving Algebraic Equations using Graphs 1 Topic 3 - 1.8

Drawing Graphs - 2
Drawing our graph gives
us this curve

If we want to find our


values we need to draw
a horizontal line from the
value on our y axis to
our curve and then a
vertical line to the x axis

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Solving Algebraic Equations using Graphs 1 Topic 3 - 1.9

Graphs of Simple Equations - 1


• Consider the simple equation y=2x+5
• Include any value for x
- When x = 0 therefore y = 2x0+5=5
- When x = 1 therefore y = 2x1+5=7
- When x = 2 therefore y = 2x2+5=9 and so on

• We therefore call y the dependent variable. Since we


can give x any value, we call x the independent
variable.

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Solving Algebraic Equations using Graphs 1 Topic 3 - 1.10

Graphs of Simple Equations - 2


• To represent equations we may have to include co-ordinates which are
positive and negative.

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Solving Algebraic Equations using Graphs 1 Topic 3 - 1.11

Graphs of Simple Equations - 3


• Example: Draw the graph of the equation y=2x-5 for
values of x between -3 and 4.
- As we are told that the range of values for x are between -3
and 4 we can substitute values of x into our equation to get
values for y.
- This is best done in a table

x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
2x -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8
–5 -5 -5 -5 -5 -5 -5 -5 -5
y = 2x – 5 -11 -9 -7 -5 -3 -1 1 3

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Solving Algebraic Equations using Graphs 1 Topic 3 - 1.12

Graphs of Simple Equations - 4


• From the table we can now plot our corresponding
values of x and y in a graphical form

As we can see this graph gives


us a straight line and would be
referred to as a linear graph -
therefore
our equation is a linear equation

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Solving Algebraic Equations using Graphs 1 Topic 3 - 1.13

Equation of a Straight Line - 1


• Every linear equation may be written in the standard
form y = mx + c
• This is known as the equation of a straight line
• Hence our equation y = 2x – 5 is in the standard form
with m = 2 and c = -5
• The equation y = 4 – 3x is also in the standard form but
we need to rearrange it to make it more obvious
therefore
y = -3x + 4 with m = -3 and c = 4

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Solving Algebraic Equations using Graphs 1 Topic 3 - 1.14

Equation of a Straight Line - 2


• Although we have given the equation of a straight line as
y = mx + c, we have not yet identified what m and c
actually mean.
The point B is any point on the straight
line shown in our graph and it has the
co-ordinates on the x and y axis.

Point A is where the line cuts the y axis


and it has co-ordinates x=0 and y=c

BC is called the gradient of the line


AC.

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Solving Algebraic Equations using Graphs 1 Topic 3 - 1.15

Equation of a Straight Line - 3


• Gradient is a measure of the steepness of the graph.
• Gradient can be defined as change in y
change in x
= BC/AC = 3/6 = ½
i.e. For every one unit across, the graph goes up ½ unit
• We can see that for y=mx + c, m=
gradient of the line, c= intercept on the y axis
e.g. For the graph of y = 5x – 2, the gradient is 5 and the y-
intercept is -2

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Solving Algebraic Equations using Graphs 1 Topic 3 - 1.16

Equation of a Straight Line - 4


• In the form y = mx + c it is possible to get a positive gradient or a
negative gradient. It is worth nothing that the shapes of these
graphs are relatively easy to identify

The positive gradient shows increases in both variables - as x


increases so does y.

In a negative gradient one variable increases ( in this case x) while


the other (y) decreases.

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Solving Algebraic Equations using Graphs 1 Topic 3 - 1.17

Topic 3 – Solving Algebraic Equations using


Graphs 1

Any Questions?

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