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Cell Trafficking

The document discusses cell compartmentalization and protein transport within cells. Cells compartmentalize to increase complexity, keep molecules close together, segregate processes, and increase surface area for reactions. Compartments include organelles enclosed by membranes like the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. Proteins are sorted and transported to specific compartments using sorting signals and various transport mechanisms like vesicles.

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66 views7 pages

Cell Trafficking

The document discusses cell compartmentalization and protein transport within cells. Cells compartmentalize to increase complexity, keep molecules close together, segregate processes, and increase surface area for reactions. Compartments include organelles enclosed by membranes like the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. Proteins are sorted and transported to specific compartments using sorting signals and various transport mechanisms like vesicles.

Uploaded by

Clara
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CELL COMPARTMENTS

Reason Why Cells Compartmentalise


• Increase in cell complexity/size
• Keeping molecules close together
• Segregation of incompatible cellular processes as need producing and maintaining different cellular environments
• Increase surface area for reactions & Decrease distance molecules have to travel
How Compartments Are Set Up
• 2 major ways THE ENDOMEMBRANE
• PROTEIN SORTING = Specific proteins • Nuclear membrane, ER, Golgi, Peroxisome,
SYSTEM
need to go to the right compartment Endosome, Lysosome
• Produced by membrane invagination
PROTEIN SORTING • Communicate with each other via vesicles
• Most proteins are made in the cytosol • More oxidising environments than other parts of
• Transported by 3 different methods: Through cytosol = Treated like extracellular
membrane pore – nucleus; Across membranes
– mitochondria, peroxisome, ER; Via vesicles MITOCHONDRIA/
– ER, Golgi, Endosomes, Lysosomes • Evolved from bacteria engulfed by
CHLOROPLASTS
pre-eukaryotic cells
• Own genome / double membranes
Sorting Signals
• Specific sequences of amino acids (15-60 long) that act like post/zip codes to target the protein to a specific organelle
• Usually cleaved
• “Necessary and sufficient” to direct a protein to an organelle
• Properties (charge, hydrophobicity) are usually more important than the specific sequence
• No sorting signal = Cytosol
SUBCELLULAR FRACTIONATION
Subcellular Fractionation
• = Process by which the organelles are separated on the basis of their physical properties, density
• Cell homogenization  Differential step centrifugation

• Selectively permeabilise
• Pellet, supernatant
• Selective physical force makes holes in membrane
• Nucleus  Mitochondria/Lysosomes/Peroxisomes  PM/ER/Golgi  Ribosomes
• More refined centrifugation – charges, speed
• *Osmole depends on dissolving so 1M NaCl & 1M MgCl2 then move to the right
Testing For Purity
• Each organelle are enriched with its own unique set of enzymes
that allow it to do its complete its role in the cell = Used as
markers for each cell fraction to test its purity
1. Lamin A & C – Nucleus
2. ATP synthase, Citrate synthase – Mitochondria
3. Cathepsin – Lysosome
4. Galactosyl transferase – Golgi (more complicated sugar)
5. Lactate dehydrogenase – Cytoplasm
PROTEIN TRANSPORT – double membrane
To Nucleus
NUCLEAR PORE
• Polypeptide mesh lining – Selective gating for small
soluble but not large insoluble (RNA, ribosome)
• Cytosolic fibrils – transport to pore
• NUCLEAR LOCALISATION SIGNAL (NLS) = Short
sequence of positive lysine and arginine residues
• Proteins transported fully formed and folded
DOUBLE
MEMBRANE
• Inner – binding for nuclear proteins
• Outer – continuous with ER
To Mitochondria
• Fully synthesised proteins unfold to enter into
the mitochondria
• N-terminal signal sequence allow
translocation across both membranes
simultaneously
1. *On the membrane not in cytosol
PROTEIN TRANSPORT
To Peroxisome
• Involved in degradation of various molecules
• Import signal – 3 amino acids – with specific import receptor protein in cytosol
• Protein-receptor complex  Translocator proteins in the peroxisome membrane
• Protein remains folded
• Vesicles from ER

To Endoplasmic Reticulum
• ER entry point for all other endomembrane organelles
• No re-entry to the cytosol
• ER signal sequence – 8 or more hydrophobic amino acids
• Proteins enter the ER whilst being synthesised
VESICULAR TRANSPORT 1
 Onward transport from ER to other compartments of endomembrane system
occurs by vesicular transport
 Functions – transport, cell drinking/eating, getting rid of waste
Vesicle Formation
• Contain specific lipids and proteins that are destined for the target
• Coat protein take no part BUT Specific cargo receptors in the membrane involved in
cargo selection
• Most vesicles have distinctive coat protein on surface to drive membrane curvature
for vesicles to bud off & capture cargo
• All coat protein shared as vesicle = Recycle coat protein component & Allow
vesicles dock with target membrane
• Output membrane curvature = Coated pit = Bud off
• *Cargo receptor bind to cargo and adaptin & Adaptins bind to cargo receptor and
cargo  layering effect
• *Recruited to give specific basket like shape
• *Dynamin assembles as a ring around a neck of each coat protein to separate vesicle
from membrane of origin
VESICULAR TRANSPORT 2
Vesicle Fusion
• Transport vesicles have specific proteins on the surface that
identify the vessel’s origin (rab proteins with distinctive
organelles)
• Rab proteins interact with complimentary tethering proteins on
the target membrane
Secretory Pathway
• = Directs proteins, lipids and carbohydrates from the ER to
Golgi and outwards towards the PM in the process of exocytosis
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
• Further modify proteins with disulphide bonds, adding different types of sugar chains –
oxidising environment to extracellular space
• Add and modify sugar residues = glycosylation of protein – adding pre-formed sugars to
specially selected residues via a oligosaccharide transferase enzyme = innate glycolysation in
ER
• For quality control = Exit from ER is contingent from whether protein is correctly folded –
assisted by chaperones (many mis-folded = cell death & disease)
• *CHAPERONES = Correct folding of new proteins
•GOLGI
*UNFOLDED PROTEIN RESPONSE = Too many mis-folded proteins
• Stacks – from cis to trans Golgi network
• Travel sequentially via vesicles
• Proteins & Oligosaccharides are further modified (early cis, later
trans)
EXOCYTOSIS
• Constitutive & Specialised
• Regulated release of stored (soluble) vesicles from cytoplasm when signalled (ex: secretory
cells)
VESICULAR TRANSPORT 3
Endocytic Pathway
• ENDOCYTOSIS = Process whereby cells take up fluids and small molecules: Nutrition (pinocytosis – 25% of its own volume per
hour 100% of its membrane every 0.5%), Defence phagocytosis of invading microorganisms
• RECEPTOR-MEDIATED ENDOCYTOSIS = Enable concentration receptance from extracellular space via its complimentary
cell surface receptor (LDL)
RECEPTOR-MEDIATED
•ENDOCYTOSIS
Enables concentration of a substance ENDOSOME
from the extracellular space • Recycle into substances back to plasma
LYSOSOME membrane
• Hydrolytic enzymes – pH5 (maintained • Transport substance further along endocytic
by ATPase H+ pump) pathway towards lysosome degradation
• Transporters allows breakdown products • Transport things across cells – trans-cytosis
to enter the cytosol for re-use • Sorting causes due to pH
• Autophagy of obsolete parts of the cell –
Formation of autophagosome

How Vesicles Move Around Cells


• Microtubules form part of cytoskeleton that provides support, enables movement and facilitate transport in a cell
• Work in conjunction with motor proteins (kinesin and dynein)

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