CHAPTER

Differentiation
2
2.1 TANGENT LINES AND VELOCITY
2.2 THE DERIVATIVE
2.3 COMPUTATION OF DERIVATIVES: THE POWER
RULE
2.4 THE PRODUCT AND QUOTIENT RULES
2.5 THE CHAIN RULE
2.6 DERIVATIVES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
2.7 DERIVATIVES OF EXPONENTIAL AND
LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

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 CHAPTER
Differentiation
2
2.8 IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION AND INVERSE
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
2.9 THE MEAN VALUE THEOREM

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 2.9 THE MEAN VALUE THEOREM

Rolle’s Theorem
For any function f that is continuous on the closed interval
[a, b] and differentiable on the open interval (a, b) and
where f (a) = f (b), there must be at least one point
between x = a and x = b where the tangent line to y = f (x) is
horizontal.

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 2.10 THE MEAN VALUE THEOREM

THEOREM 10.1 (Rolle’s Theorem)

Suppose that f is continuous on the interval [a, b],
differentiable on the interval (a, b) and f (a) = f (b). Then
there is a number c ∈ (a, b) such that f’ (c) = 0.

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 2.10 THE MEAN VALUE THEOREM

EXAMPLE 10.1 An Illustration of Rolle’s Theorem

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 2.10 THE MEAN VALUE THEOREM

EXAMPLE 10.1 An Illustration of Rolle’s Theorem

Solution

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 2.10 THE MEAN VALUE THEOREM

THEOREM 10.2
If f is continuous on the interval [a, b], differentiable on
the interval (a, b) and f (x) = 0 has two solutions in [a, b],
then f‘ (x) = 0 has at least one solution in (a, b).

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 2.10 THE MEAN VALUE THEOREM

THEOREM 10.3
For any integer n > 0, if f is continuous on the interval [a,
b] and differentiable on the interval (a, b) and f (x) = 0
has n solutions in [a, b], then f’ (x) = 0 has at least
(n − 1) solutions in (a, b).

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 2.10 THE MEAN VALUE THEOREM

EXAMPLE 10.2 Determining the Number of Zeros of a

Function
Prove that x3 + 4x + 1 = 0 has exactly one solution.

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 2.10 THE MEAN VALUE THEOREM

EXAMPLE 10.2 Determining the Number of Zeros of a

Function
Solution
The Intermediate Value Theorem
guarantees one solution, since
f (−1) = −4 < 0 and f (0) = 1 > 0.

Further,

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 2.10 THE MEAN VALUE THEOREM

EXAMPLE 10.2 Determining the Number of Zeros of a

Function
Solution
By Theorem 8.2, if f (x) = 0 had two solutions, then
f’ (x) = 0 would have at least one solution. However, since
f’ (x) ≠ 0 for all x, it can’t be true that f (x) = 0 has
two (or more) solutions. Therefore, f (x) = 0 has exactly
one solution.

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 2.10 THE MEAN VALUE THEOREM

THEOREM 10.4 (Mean Value Theorem)

Suppose that f is continuous on the interval [a, b] and
differentiable on the interval (a, b). Then there exists a
number c ∈ (a, b) such that

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 2.10 THE MEAN VALUE THEOREM

EXAMPLE 10.3 An Illustration of the Mean Value

Theorem
Find a value of c satisfying the conclusion of the Mean
Value Theorem for f (x) = x3 − x2 − x + 1 on the interval
[0, 2].

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 2.10 THE MEAN VALUE THEOREM

EXAMPLE 10.3 An Illustration of the Mean Value

Theorem
Solution f (x) = x3 − x2 − x + 1
Notice that f is continuous on [0, 2] and differentiable on
(0, 2). The Mean Value Theorem then says that there is a
number c in (0, 2) for which

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 2.10 THE MEAN VALUE THEOREM

EXAMPLE 10.3 An Illustration of the Mean Value

Theorem
Solution

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 2.10 THE MEAN VALUE THEOREM

How Many Functions Have the Derivative f ’(x)?

We know that

but are there any other functions with the same derivative?

Yes: all functions x2 + c have the derivative 2x.

But, there are an infinite number of functions. Is the

function x2 + c the only one with derivative 2x? Yes!

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 2.10 THE MEAN VALUE THEOREM

THEOREM 10.5
Suppose that f (x) = 0 for all x in some open interval I .
Then, f’ (x) is constant on I .

COROLLARY 10.1
Suppose that g’(x) = f’ (x) for all x in some open interval I
. Then, for some constant c,

g(x) = f (x) + c, for all x ∈ I.

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 2.10 THE MEAN VALUE THEOREM

Significance of Corollary 10.1

Corollary 10.1 says that if two graphs have the same slope
at every point on an interval, then the graphs differ only by
a vertical shift.

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 2.10 THE MEAN VALUE THEOREM

EXAMPLE 10.4 Finding Every Function with a Given

Derivative
Find all functions that have a derivative equal to 3x2 + 1.

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 2.10 THE MEAN VALUE THEOREM

EXAMPLE 10.4 Finding Every Function with a Given

Derivative
Solution 3x2 + 1
First, write down one function with the correct derivative:
x3 + x.

So, every function whose derivative equals 3x2 + 1 has the

form x3 + x + c, for some constant c.

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 2.10 THE MEAN VALUE THEOREM

EXAMPLE 10.5 Proving an Inequality for sin x

Prove that |sin a| ≤ |a| for all a.

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 2.10 THE MEAN VALUE THEOREM

EXAMPLE 10.5 Proving an Inequality for sin x

Solution
Note that f (x) = sin x is continuous and differentiable on
any interval and that for any a, |sin a| = |sin a − sin 0|,
since sin 0 = 0.
From the Mean Value Theorem, we have that (for a = 0)

for some number c between a and 0.

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 2.10 THE MEAN VALUE THEOREM

EXAMPLE 10.5 Proving an Inequality for sin x

Solution

Multiply both sides by a and take absolute values.

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