Chapter 9: Introduction to IP Routing

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 Chapter 9 Objectives
• The Following CompTIA Network+ Exam Objectives Are
Covered in This Chapter:
• 1.9 Explain the basics of routing concepts and protocols
• • Loopback interface
• • Routing loops
• • Routing tables
• • Static vs dynamic routes
• • Default route
• • Distance vector routing protocols
• o RIP v2
• • Hybrid routing protocols
• o BGP
• • Link state routing protocols
• o OSPF
• o IS-IS

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 IP Routing Basics
• Once you create an internetwork by connecting
your wide area networks (WANs) and local area
networks (LANs) to a router, you then need to
configure logical network addresses, such as IP
addresses, to all hosts on the internetwork so that
they can communicate via routers across that
internetwork.
• In IT, routing essentially refers to the process of
taking a packet from one device and sending it
through the network to another device on a different
network. Routers don’t really care about hosts—
they only care about networks and the best path to
each network.

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 IP Routing Basics Continued
• The logical network address of the destination host is
used to get packets to a network through a routed
network, and then the hardware address of the host is
used to deliver the packet from a router to the correct
destination host.
• If your network has no routers, then it should be
apparent that you are not routing. But if you do have
them, they’re there to route traffic to all the networks in
your internetwork.
• To be capable of routing packets, a router must know at
least the following information:
– Destination address
– Neighbor routers from which it can learn about remote networks
– Possible routes to all remote networks
– The best route to each remote network
– How to maintain and verify routing information

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 IP Routing Basics Continued
• The router learns about remote networks from neighbor
routers or from an administrator. The router then builds
a routing table (a map of the internetwork) that describes
how to find the remote networks. If a network is directly
connected, then the router already knows how to get to
it.
• If a network isn’t directly connected to the router, the
router must use one of two ways to learn how to get to it.
• One way is called static routing, which can be a ton of
work because it requires someone to hand-type all
network locations into the routing table. The other way is
known as dynamic routing.
• In dynamic routing, a protocol on one router
communicates with the same protocol running on
neighbor routers.

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 Routing Requirements

• Destination network address

• Neighbor routers from which it can learn of
remote networks
• Possible routes to all remote networks
• The best route to each remote network
• How to maintain and verify routing
information
 Simple Routing Example
This figure shows a simple two-router network. Lab_A has
one serial interface and three LAN interfaces

Fa0/0
10.10.10.1/24

Lab_A Fa0/1 .1
S0/0
10.10.40.1/24 10.10.20.1/24
Fa0/2
10.10.30.1/24

Looking at the figure, can you figure out which interface Lab_A
will use to forward an IP datagram to a host with an IP address of
10.10.10.10? 7
 The IP Routing Process
What happens when Host_A wants to communicate with Host_B
on a different network?

Host_A Host_B
E0 E1
172.16.10.1 Lab_A 172.16.20.1

172.16.10.2 172.16.20.2

Host_A pings Host_B’s IP address. Routing doesn’t get any

simpler than this, but it still involves a lot of steps. Let’s work
through them. 8
Chapter 9
Frame used from Host_A to the Lab_A router when Host_B
is pinged
Figure 9.3

Destination MAC Source MAC Ether-Type FCS

Packet
(router’s E0 MAC address (Host_A MAC address) field (CRC)
 Testing your understanding
This figure shows a LAN connected to RouterA, which is, in turn,
connected via a WAN link to RouterB. RouterB has a LAN
connected with an HTTP server attached. Take a look.

RouterA RouterB
S0/0

S0/0
Fa0/0 Fa0/0

HostA
HTTP Server

1. The destination address of a frame, from HostA, will be the

MAC address of the _________________________.
2. The destination address of a packet will be the IP address of
the __________________of the HTTP server.
3. The destination port number in the segment header will have
11 a
value of ___.
 Testing your understanding
This figure shows a network with only one router but two
switches.
RouterA
Fa0/1

Fa0/0

HTTPS Server

HostA
1. The destination address of a frame from HostA will be the MAC
address of the __________________________.
2. The destination address of a packet will be the IP address of
the _______________________.
3. The destination port number in the segment header will have
12 a
value of ___.
 AS (Autonomous System)

• Autonomous
– Existing as an independent entity
• Group of IP routes under common control
• RFC 1930, Section 3: Definitions
– “An AS is a connected group of one or more
IP prefixes run
by one or more network operators which has a
SINGLE and CLEARLY DEFINED routing
policy.”
 ASN (Autonomous System Number)

• Assigned by the IANA

– Manages IP address blocks,
root name servers, etc.
• Used extensively by BGP
– Route between AS
 Static and Dynamic Routing

•How does a router send packets to remote networks when the

only way it can send them is by looking at the routing table to
find out how to get to the remote networks?

•And what happens when a router receives a packet for a

network that isn’t listed in the routing table?

It doesn’t send a broadcast looking for the remote network—the

router just discards the packet. Period.

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 Static and Dynamic Routing
•There are several ways to configure the routing tables to
include all the networks so that packets will be forwarded.

•Understand that what’s best for one network isn’t necessarily

what’s best for another.

•Knowing about and being able to recognize the different types

of routing will really help you come up with the best solution for
your specific environment and business requirements.

•Let’s take a look at our options…

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 Link State Routing Protocols

• Information passed between routers is

related to the current connectivity
– If it’s up, you can get there
– If it’s down, you can’t
• Consider the speed of the link
– Faster is always better, right?
• Very scalable
– Used most often in large networks
• OSPF, IS-IS
– Large, scalable routing protocols
 Distance Vector protocols

• Information passed between

routers contain routing tables
– How many “hops” away is another network?
– The deciding “vector” is the “distance”
• Usually automatic
– Very little configuration
• Good for smaller networks
– Doesn’t scale well to very large networks
• RIP, RIPv2, BGP
 Hybrid routing protocols

• A little link state, a little distance-vector

– Not many examples of hybrid routing protocols
• EIGRP
– Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol
– Proprietary to Cisco
– Vector metrics are bandwidth, load,
delay, reliability, MTU, and hop count
– Cisco says it’s a distance-vector routing protocol
• It’s really a hybrid
 Static and Dynamic Routing

Looking at the figure, we can see that we can configure a

router either with static or dynamic routing. If we choose static
routing, then we have to go to each router and type in each
network and the path that IP will use to send packets.

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 Static and Dynamic Routing
Dynamic routing protocols break up into many different
categories or types of protocols, as shown in the figure.
The first split in the dynamic protocol branch is the division
of interior gateway protocols (IGPs) and exterior gateway
protocols (EGPs).

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 Static and Dynamic Routing
That is the end of the EGP branch of the tree, but the IGP
branch continues to split out as we go down further.
Looking at the figure, with the IGP split, you can see that there
are two primary categories: Distance Vector (DV) and Link
State (LS) routing protocols.

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 Static and Dynamic Routing
We’re going to discuss all of these types of protocols in the
next chapters. But in the Distance Vector category, for
example, we have RIP and Interior Gateway Routing Protocol
(IGRP). Under the Link State category are OSPF and
Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System (IS-IS).

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 Static and Dynamic Routing
Now, in this figure, you can see from the diagram that there is
a third category: the Hybrid Protocol category.

The only protocol under this category is EIGRP. It is Cisco

proprietary and uses the features of both DV and LS, and again,
discussed in the next chapter.
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 High Availability Protocols
• VRRP
– Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol
– The default router isn’t real
– Devices use a virtual IP for the default gateway
– If a router disappears, another one takes its place
• HSRP
– Hot Standby Router Protocol
– Cisco proprietary version of VRRP
– Default gateway is assigned to a virtual router
 Summary

• Summary
• Exam Essentials Section
• Written Labs
• Review Questions

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