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Quadratic Functions

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10 views

Quadratic Functions

Uploaded by

Micaelah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 2

Lesson 1: QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS


QUADRATIC FUNCTION (F) – is defined as a
relation written in the form y = ax² + bx + c, where a, b
and c are real numbers, and a ≠0.

y = ax² + bx + c − is the standard form of quadratic


function. It can also be written as f(x)= ax²+bx+c, read as
"f of x" or "function of x."
EXAMPLES: Determine whether each of the following functions is
quadratic or not. If it is quadratic, determine the values of a, b, and c .

1. y = x2 − 3x + 5
The given is a quadratic function since the highest degree is 2;
therefore, the standard form is y = x 2 − 3x + 5 where a = 1, b = −3
and c = 5.

2. y = −7x2 + 3x
The degree of the equation is 2; hence, it is a quadratic function
in standard form, y = −7x2 + 3x, where a = −7, b = 3 and c = 0.
3. x ( x − 5) (x + 5) + 10 = −2 + y
x (x2 + 5x – 5x – 25) + 10 = −2 + y (Simplify.)
x (x2 – 25) + 10 = −2 + y
x3 – 25x + 10 = −2 + y
x3 – 25x + 10 + 2 = y (Transpose –2 to the left side of the equation.)
x3 – 25x + 12 = y
y = x3 – 25x + 12

Notice that the degree of the equation is 3. Therefore, the given function is not
quadratic. It is a cubic function.
VERTEX FORM OF A
QUADRATIC FUNCTION – f(x) =
a (x – h) + k, where a, h, and k are
2

real numbers, and a ≠ 0.


To transform the standard form of a quadratic function into the vertex form, use the
method of completing the square. The steps are given as follows:

1. Group the first two terms of the standard form of a quadratic function and factor
a, leaving c outside the parentheses.
f(x) = ax² + bx + c
f(x) = a (x2 + + c

2. Take half of the coefficient of x and square it. Add and subtract the square to produce a perfect
square trinomial. In this case, the equation remains unchanged.

f(x) =
3. Since the first term is a perfect square trinomial, rewrite it as a
square of a binomial. Then, simply the remaining terms.
f(x) =

4. Rename the resulting function.


f(x) = a (x – h)2 + k

where h = , k = , and (h, k) is called the vertex.


EXAMPLES: Write each quadratic function in vertex form and identify the values
of a, h, and k.
1. y = x2 + 8x + 12
y = (x2 + 8x) + 12 (Group the first two terms.)
y = (x2 + 8x + ___) + 12 – ___ (Completing the square.)
y = (x2 + 8x + 16) + 12 – 16 (Add 16 to the other side then subtract 16
to the other side.)
y = (x + 4)2 – 4 (Simplify.)
Thus, a = 1, h = –4 and k = –4.
To verify:
h= =
k=
Another way of transforming:
y = x2 + 8x + 12
y – 12 = x2 + 8x (Transpose 12)
y – 12 + ___= x2 + 8x + ___ (Completing the square.)
y – 12 + 16 = x2 + 8x + 16 (Add 16 to the both sides.)
y + 4 = (x + 4)2 (Simplify.)
y = (x + 4)2 – 4 (Transpose 4.)
2. y = x2 – 2x – 3
y + 3 = x2 – 2x
y + 3 + ___ = x2 – 2x + ____
y + 3 + 1 = x2 – 2x + 1
y + 4 = (x – 1)2
y = (x – 1)2 – 4

a = 1, h = 1 and k = – 4
3. f(x) = 3x2 + 12x + 13
f(x) – 13 = 3x2 + 12x
f(x) – 13 = 3(x2 + 4x)
f(x) – 13 + 3(__) = 3(x2 + 4x + ___)
f(x) – 13 + 3(4) = 3(x2 + 4x + 4)
f(x) – 13 + 12 = 3(x + 2)2
f(x) – 1 = 3(x + 2)2
f(x) = 3(x + 2)2 + 1
EXAMPLES: Transform each quadratic function into its standard form
and identify the values of a, b, and c.

1. y = (x – 3)2
y = x2 – 6x + 9
Therefore, the standard form of the given function is y = x 2 – 6x + 9, where a = 1,
b = –6 and c = 9.

2. y = (x + 5)2
y = x2 + 10x + 25
Therefore, the standard form of the given function is y = x2 + 10x + 25, where a =
1, b = 10 and c = 25.
3. y = (x + 4)2 – 4
y = (x2 + 8x + 16) – 4
y = x2 + 8x + 16 – 4
y = x2 + 8x + 12
Therefore, the standard form of the given function is y = x2 + 8x + 12, where a =
1, b = 8 and c = 12.

4. f(x) = –(x – 1)2 – 3


f(x) = –(x2 – 2x + 1) – 3
f(x) = –x2 + 2x – 1 – 3
f(x) = –x2 + 2x – 4
Therefore, the standard form of the given function is f(x) = –x 2 + 2x – 4, where a =
–1, b = 2 and c = –4.
The End
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