Faculty Of Engineering and Technology

Department of Computer Science

Course: Digital Logic and Design-I
Course Code : CS-105 (4)
(Lecture-4)

Instructor: Wali Ullah Shinwari

Department of Computer Science
Email: [email protected]
Mobile: +93(0) 704545238
 CONTENTS

Logic Gates

Basic Building Blocks

Logic Gate Symbols

Unique function

Truth or Function Table

Function Expression

Timing Diagram

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 OUTCOMES

At the end of this lecture, students will know;

• Concept of Logic Gates.

• Importance and the usage of five Logic Gates.

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 Digital Logic

 Digital logic is the foundation not only for computing but also for many other
electronic devices and control system found in the almost every part of
modern life.
 Digital electronics depends on just seven types of Logic Gate, connected
together with a minimum of additional components.
 Combinations of Logic Gates then form circuits that can perform specific
tasks within the system.
 Logic Gate

 There are many ways that a number of Logic gates can be combined to
perform a specific task.
 They may all work, but some combination will perform task better than others.

 The main study of all these are to find the ways by which a logic circuit design
will minimize , made it more efficient and cheaper.
 Logic Gates
Seven Basic Logic Gates:
 Digital electronics relies on the actions of just seven types of Logic gates:
• AND
• OR
• NAND(Not AND)
• NOR
• XOR
• XNOR
• NOT
 Logical AND Gate

 In digital electronic there are several logical gates which work or operate on
different logical operations, say logical addition, logical multiplication.
 AND Gate is a logical gate which is widely used having two or more inputs
and a single output.
 This gate works or operates on logical multiplication rules.
 An AND gate may have any number of inputs but only one output.
AND Gate

• 1 output
• 2 inputs
• 3 inputs
• 4 inputs
• Multiple inputs
AND Gate Function
 A truth table is important component of designing the computer
circuit design, because it shows how a Circuit is working.
 Logical Multiplication function:
AND Gate Timing Diagram
 To check the output of a Gate at specific time of different inputs:
AND Gate Function
 Enable/Disable Device
 Counter counts when it receives pulses:

Clock Pulses U/D

Counter

B1

A
Reset B8

Carry out

B ENB

Disable
Enable
 OR Gate

 The OR Gate performs Boolean add Function.

 An OR Gate has multiple inputs and a single output.
• 1 output
• 2 inputs
• 3 inputs
• 4 inputs
• Multiple inputs
OR Gate Function
 A truth table is important component of designing the computer
circuit design, because it shows how a Circuit is working.
 Boolean Add function:
OR Gate Timing Diagram
 To check the output of a Gate at specific time of different inputs:
OR Gate Application
 Car door open alarm :

Front left door

Rear left door
Alarm
Front right door
Rear right door
 NOT Gate

 NOT Gate is also known as an Inverter.

 NOT gate is a logical gate which only inverts the input digital signal.
 A NOT gate will always have high or logical 1 output when its input is low or
0.
 The Logical symbols of a NOT gate is shown below.
• 1 output
• 2 inputs
NOT Gate Function

 NOT gate is used in circuits to generate the 1’s Complement of a number by

inverting all its bits.
 Invert function:
NOT Gate Timing Diagram
 To check the output of a Gate at specific time of different inputs:

t0 t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 t6

F
NOT Gate Application
 1’s Complement:

1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0

0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1
Alternative Representation:
 NAND Gate

 The NAND Gate performs a function that is equivalent to the function

performed by the combination of an AND gate and a NOT gate.
 The NAND gate has an output that is normally at logic level “1” and goes
“LOW” to logic level “0” when all of its inputs are at level “1”.
 The NAND logic Gate is the inverse of AND Gate.
 NAND Gate is also universal Gate because it can be used to generate any other
type of logic gate function.
 NAND Gate

 The NAND Gate performs a function that is equivalent to the function

performed by the combination of an AND gate and a NOT gate.
• 1 output
• 2 inputs
• 3 inputs
• 4 inputs
• Multiple inputs
NOT AND (NAND) Gate
NAND Gate Function
 NOT-AND function:
NAND Gate Timing Diagram
 To check the output of a Gate at specific time of different inputs:
NAND Universal Gate

1 2
NAND Gate Application
 Device Failure Alarm:
 Toxic fumes produced by the chemicals are removed from the ware house
and dispersed in the atmosphere through three exhaust fans.
 When all fans are working the input to the NAND gate is 111 and the output
is 0.
 When any one fan fails the output of NAND gate becomes 1 sounding an
alarm connected tot the output of the NAND gate.

ALARM
 NOR Gate

 It is the inverse of OR Gate.

 It has multiple inputs and single output.
 The output of NOR Gate will 1 , when all of the inputs are “0s” .
 It is also a universal Gate because it can also be used in place of other Gates in
the logic circuit.
 NOR Gate

• 1 output
• 2 inputs
• 3 inputs
• 4 inputs
• Multiple inputs
NOR Gate:
NOR Gate Function
 NOT-OR function:
NOR Gate Timing Diagram
 To check the output of a Gate at specific time of different inputs:
Application of NOR Gate:
XOR Gate( 1’s are odd then 1)
An XOR gate (Exclusive OR gate) is a digital logic gate that performs an exclusive OR operation
on two or more binary inputs.
XOR Gate Truth Table:
Input A Input B Output
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
XOR gate is a fundamental logic gate that produces an output of 1 when the number of high
inputs 1 is odd, and it produces an output of 0 when the number of high inputs is even.
XOR is a crucial component in digital logic circuits and has various applications in electronics
and computer systems.

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Three-Input XOR Gate (odds 1’s gave 1)
Three-Input XOR Gate Truth Table:
In a three-input XOR gate, the output is high (1) when the number of high inputs (1) is odd. In other words, the
output is 1 if the number of 1s in the inputs is an odd number; otherwise, the output is 0.
Input A Input B Input C Output
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 1
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 1
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 0
1 1 1 1

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XOR Symbol

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XNOR Gate (same inputs then 1)
How XNOR Gate Output Is Determined:
The XNOR gate performs an exclusive NOR operation, which means its output is high (1) when even numbers of
inputs are at a high level.

XNOR Gate Truth Table:

Input A Input B Output

0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

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Three-Input XNOR Gate Truth Table
In a three-input XNOR gate, the output is high (1) when even numbers of inputs are at a high level.
OUTPUT = A⊙B⊙C

Input A Input B Input C Output

0 0 0 1
0 0 1 0
0 1 0 0
0 1 1 1
1 0 0 0
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 0

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XNOR Symbol

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Thank You…!