BASIC CONCEPTS IN

HYPOTHESIS
TESTING
Lesson Objectives:

At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:

1. Illustrate:
(a) null hypothesis(M11/12SP-IVa-1.1);
(b) alternative hypothesis(M11/12SP-IVa-1.2);
(c) level of significance(M11/12SP-IVa-1.3);
(d) rejection region(M11/12SP-IVa-1.4); and
(e) types of errors in hypothesis testing(M11/12SP-IVa-1.5)
Lesson Objectives:

At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:

2. Identify the parameter to be tested given in a real-life problem.
(M11/12SP-IVa-3)
3. Formulates the appropriate null and alternative hypothesis on a
population mean. (M11/12SP-IVb-1)
 LESSON 1: KEY COCEPTS OF
HYPOTHESIS TESTING

Hypothesis Testing
It is a decision – making process for evaluating
claims about a population
It is basically testing an assumption that we can
make about a population
Hypothesis

Is an assumption or conjecture about a

population parameter which may or may not
be true
LESSON 2. TWO TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS

Null Hypothesis
 it is denoted by Ho
 initial claim based on previous analyses, which the researcher tries
to disprove, reject, or nullify.
 it shows no significant difference, no changes, nothing
happened, no relationships between two parameters.
 The independent variable has no effect on the independent variable.
 The null statement must always contain some from of equality(
Lesson 2. TWO TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS

Alternative hypothesis
 Is the contrary to the null hypothesis, which shows that
observations are the result of a real effect (it indicates the
there are changes)
 It is denoted by
 it contains not equal, less than or greater than symbols, i.e., (
Lesson 2. TWO TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS

 Presentation of the Various Hypothesis in Relevant Pairs

Null Hypothesis Alternative Hypothesis
Equal (=) Not equal

Greater than or equal to ( Less than

Less than or equal to ( Greater than

Below are the common phrases used in hypothesis testing that
will guide you in choosing the correct symbols to be used in
formulating alternative hypothesis
Example 1

The average monthly income of Filipino families who

belong to low-income bracket is Php 7, 500
 Null hypothesis - the average monthly income of Filipino
families who belong to low-income is Php 7,500 (
 Alternative hypothesis - the average monthly income of
Filipino families who belong to low-income is not equal Php
7,500 (
Example 2

The average number of hours that a person who develop a COVID

19 symptom improve without treatment is more than 2 weeks.
Null hypothesis - The average number of hours that a person who
develop a COVID 19 symptom improve without treatment is 2 weeks.
Alternative hypothesis - The average number of hours that a person
who develop a COVID 19 symptom improve without treatment is more
than 2 weeks.
Example 3

The average number of hours that side effects of COVID 19

vaccines last is less than 48 hours.
 Null hypothesis - The average number of hours that side
effects of COVID 19 vaccines last is 48 hours.

 Alternative hypothesis - The average number of hours that

side effects of COVID 19 vaccines last is less than 48 hours.
Example 4

No more than 60% of the registered voters in Bataan

voted in the local election.
 Null hypothesis - No more than 60% of the registered voters in
Bataan voted in the local election.

 Alternative hypothesis - More than 60% of the registered voters in

Bataan voted in the local election.
Conclusion

 Based on the examples, the null hypothesis is always

expressed with “equal” (=) symbol
 It is always a statement that a parameter is equal to a specific
value.
 In the contrast, the alternative hypothesis is expressed with
depending on the given conjecture or claim.
LESSON 3: TYPES OF TESTS

Statistical test may either be directional (one-

tailed) or non-directional (two-tailed)
We can determine whether a test is directional or
non-directional by looking at how the alternative
hypothesis is expressed.
LESSON 3: TYPES OF TESTS

1. Directional Test (one-tailed)

a test of any statistical hypothesis where the
Alternative hypothesis is expressed using less than
(<) or greater than (>) since the critical or rejection
lies entirely in one tail of the sampling distribution.
LESSON 3: TYPES OF TESTS

1. Non-directional Test (two-tailed)

a test of any statistical hypothesis where the
Alternative hypothesis is written with not equal
sign () since there is no assertion made on the
directional of the difference.
The rejection is split into two equal parts, one in
each tail of the sampling distribution.
 THESE ARE THE GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF
TWO-TAILED TEST AND ONE-TAILED TEST.

Directional (One-tailed, Left tail) Directional (One-tailed, Right tail)

The probability is found at the left tail of The probability is found at the right tail of the
the distribution distribution
 THESE ARE THE GRAPHICAL
REPRESENTATION OF TWO-TAILED TEST
AND ONE-TAILED TEST.

Non-directional (two-tailed)
The probability is found on
both tails of the distribution.
 Example 1

The average daily allowance of college

students is less than Php 200
Null hypothesis - the average daily
allowance of college students is Php
200.
Alternative hypothesis - the average
daily allowance of college students is
less than Php 200. The directional test or one-tailed test.
Specifically , this is left tailed test because “less
than” symbol was used in expressing the
alternative hypothesis
 Example 2

The average daily allowance of college

student is greater than
Php 200
Null hypothesis - the average daily
allowance of college students is Php
200.
Alternative hypothesis - the average
daily allowance of college students is
greater than Php 200. The directional test or one-tailed test. Specifically ,
this is right-tailed test because “greater than”
symbol was used in expressing the alternative
hypothesis
 Example 3

The average daily allowance of college

students is Php 200.
Null hypothesis - the average daily
allowance of college students is Php
200.
Alternative hypothesis - the average
daily allowance of college students is
not Php 200.
Observe that the Alternative Hypothesis expresses
is using “not equal” symbol, thus the test is two-
tiled.
LESSON 4: TYPES I and TYPE TWO
ERRORS

TYPE I ERROR TYPE II ERROR

Occurs when we reject Occurs when we accept
the null hypothesis the null hypothesis
when it is true. when it is false.
it is also called the alpha It is also called beta
error (a error) error
LESSON 4: TYPES I and TYPE TWO
ERRORS
 Example

 Bryan is starting his own food cart business and

he is choosing cities where he runs his business.
He wants to survey and test at 5% level of
significance whether or not the demand is high
enough to support his business before he
applies necessary permits to operate in his
selected city. He will only choose a city if there
are strong evidence that the demand there is
high enough.
 Example
We can state the null hypothesis for his test as:
Bryan is starting his own food cart Ho: The demand is high enough
business and he is choosing cities where
he runs his business. He wants to survey 1. What would be the consequence of a Type I
and test at 5% level of significance error in this setting?
whether or not the demand is high a) He doesn’t choose a city where actually the
enough to support his business before demand is high enough.
he applies necessary permits to operate b) He chooses a city where demand is actually high
in his selected city. He will only choose enough.
a city if there are strong evidence that
the demand there is high enough. c) He chooses a city where demand isn’t actually
high enough.
 Example
We can state the null hypothesis for his test as:
Bryan is starting his own food cart Ho: The demand is high enough
business and he is choosing cities where 1. What would be the consequence of a Type I error
he runs his business. He wants to survey in this setting?
and test at 5% level of significance
a) He doesn’t choose a city where actually the
whether or not the demand is high
demand is high enough.
enough to support his business before
he applies necessary permits to operate b) He chooses a city where demand is actually high
in his selected city. He will only choose enough.
a city if there are strong evidence that c) He chooses a city where demand isn’t actually high
the demand there is high enough. enough.
The Type I error is the first statement because he
 Example
We can state the null hypothesis for his test as:
Bryan is starting his own food cart Ho: The demand is high enough
business and he is choosing cities where
he runs his business. He wants to survey 2. What would be the consequence of a Type II
and test at 5% level of significance error in this setting?
whether or not the demand is high a) He doesn’t choose a city where actually the
enough to support his business before demand is high enough.
he applies necessary permits to operate b) He chooses a city where demand is actually high
in his selected city. He will only choose enough.
a city if there are strong evidence that
the demand there is high enough. c) He chooses a city where demand isn’t actually
high enough.
 Example
We can state the null hypothesis for his test as:
Bryan is starting his own food cart Ho: The demand is high enough
business and he is choosing cities where 2. What would be the consequence of a Type II
he runs his business. He wants to survey error in this setting?
and test at 5% level of significance
a) He doesn’t choose a city where actually the demand
whether or not the demand is high
is high enough.
enough to support his business before
he applies necessary permits to operate b) He chooses a city where demand is actually high
in his selected city. He will only choose enough.
a city if there are strong evidence that c) He chooses a city where demand isn’t actually
the demand there is high enough. high enough.
The Type II error is the third statement because he
 Example

Bryan is starting his own food cart

business and he is choosing cities where
he runs his business. He wants to survey We can state the null hypothesis for his test as:
and test at 5% level of significance
Ho: The demand is high enough
whether or not the demand is high
enough to support his business before 3. What is the probability of Type I error.
he applies necessary permits to operate The probability of Type I Error is 0.05 because
in his selected city. He will only choose the level of significance used.
a city if there are strong evidence that
the demand there is high enough.
LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE

 Level of Significance is the probability of

committing Type I Error.
 It is denoted by Greek alphabet alpha
 The value of alpha tell us the probability of
making an error in rejecting the null hypothesis
when it is true.
LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE

 This depends on the risk or degree of the confidence

of the researcher is willing to take committing Type I
error.
 0.05 and 0.01 are the commonly used level of
significance.
 The level of significance should be set before testing
the hypothesis.
LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE

LEVEL OF ERROR CONFIDENCE LEVEL

SIGNIFICANCE
0.01 1% 99%

LEVEL OF ERROR CONFIDENCE LEVEL

SIGNIFICANCE
0.05 5% 95%
LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE

 In symbol, it is written as:  Furthermore, if the alternative

hypothesis used ≠,
𝜶=𝟎.𝟎𝟏
 then alpha will be divided by 2,
𝜶=𝟎.𝟎𝟓 or i.e.,
𝜶=𝟎.𝟏𝟎 =𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟓
=𝟎.𝟎𝟐𝟓 or
=𝟎.𝟎𝟓
Commonly used Level of Significance and Its
Corresponding Critical Values
 LESSON 5: ACCEPTING OR REJECTING
THE NULL HYPOTHESIS

 The rejection region or (critical region) is the set of all values

of the test statistics that causes us to reject the null
hypothesis.
 The non-rejection region or (acceptance region) is the of all
values of the test statistics causes us to fail to reject the null
hypothesis.
 The critical value is a point (boundary) in the test distribution
that is compared to the test statistics to determine if the null
hypothesis would be rejected.
EXAMPLE

Claim A: The average daily usage of social media of her

friends is the same as the global average usage.
According to a survey, the average daily
usage of social media worldwide of
global internet users amounts to 42
minutes per day. Sofia used a 0.05 level
of significance. Sofia conducts her own
survey among her friends to find out if
their time spent on social media
significantly higher than the global
survey.
EXAMPLE

According to a survey, the average daily

usage of social media worldwide of
global internet users amounts to 42
minutes per day. Sofia used a 0.05 level
of significance. Sofia conducts her own
survey among her friends to find out if
their time spent on social media
significantly higher than the global
survey.
EXAMPLE: According to a survey, the average daily usage of social media
worldwide of global internet users amounts to 42 minutes per day. Sofia used a 0.05 level of
significance. Sofia conducts her own survey among her friends to find out if their time spent on
social media significantly higher than the global survey.

3. Solve for Standard Deviation

EXAMPLE: According to a survey, the average daily usage of social media
worldwide of global internet users amounts to 42 minutes per day. Sofia used a 0.05 level of
significance. Sofia conducts her own survey among her friends to find out if their time spent on
social media significantly higher than the global survey.
EXAMPLE: According to a survey, the average daily usage of social media
worldwide of global internet users amounts to 42 minutes per day. Sofia used a 0.05 level of
significance. Sofia conducts her own survey among her friends to find out if their time spent on
social media significantly higher than the global survey.
EXAMPLE: According to a survey, the average daily usage of social media
worldwide of global internet users amounts to 42 minutes per day. Sofia used a 0.05 level of
significance. Sofia conducts her own survey among her friends to find out if their time spent on
social media significantly higher than the global survey.
EXAMPLE: According to a survey, the average daily usage of social media
worldwide of global internet users amounts to 42 minutes per day. Sofia used a 0.05 level of
significance. Sofia conducts her own survey among her friends to find out if their time spent on
social media significantly higher than the global survey.
 EXAMPLE 2: Sketch the rejection region of the test hypothesis with critical
values of and determine the computed t-value of lies in that region.

 Draw a t-distribution curve

 Since there are two critical
values, it is a two tailed test.
 Locate the critical values and
shade the rejection region.
Activity 1.1:A. Read and understand the given statements
below and find out whether it is a null hypothesis. In your
notebook, write 𝑯𝟎 if the given is a null hypothesis. Otherwise,
just leave it blank.

In 2015, it was recorded that around 34% of the population

in 2015 were not married. A researcher surveyed a random
sample of 500 couples. He found out that 18% of them were living
together but unmarried. Test at 5% significance level if the current
percentage of unmarried couples is different from 34%.

1. The current percentage of unmarried couples is different from 34%.

2. The current percentage of unmarried couples is 34%.
Activity 1.1: A. Read and understand the given statements
below and find out whether it is a null hypothesis. In your
notebook, write 𝑯𝟎 if the given is a null hypothesis. Otherwise,
just leave it blank.

An average construction worker hourly rate pay in the Philippines is

Php 62.50 with a standard deviation of Php 6.01. A random sample of 20
manufacturing workers were asked on their hourly rate and found that they
had an average of Php 50.00hourly rate pay with a standard deviation of Php
5.00. Construct a90% confidence interval for the difference between the
average hourly rate for construction workers and the average hourly rate for
manufacturing workers.
3. There is a significant difference between the average hourly rate for
construction workers and the average hourly rate for manufacturing workers.
4. There is no significant difference between the average hourly rate for
construction workers and the average hourly rate for manufacturing workers.
Activity 1.1: A. Read and understand the given statements below
and find out whether it is a null hypothesis. In your notebook,
write 𝑯𝟎 if the given is a null hypothesis. Otherwise, just leave it
blank.

A chemist invented an additive to increase the life

span of rechargeable battery. The said additive will
extend on average the battery’s lifespan to 48 months.
5. The average lifespan extension of rechargeable
battery is 48 months.
6.The average lifespan extension of rechargeable battery
isnot48 months
B. Read and understand the statements below. In your notebook,
write the mathematical symbol of the null hypothesis of the
following statements.

1.The average number of years to finish basic education is 14 years.

2.At least 40% of private school students transferred to public school during the COVID 19 pandemic.
3.The mean weekly expenses of a family during the COVID 19 pandemic increased at most by 15%.
4.Thirty-fivepercent of senior high school students enrolled to a track/strand because of peer pressure.
5.During the COVID 19 pandemic, 8% of COVID 19 cases in the country were confirmed death cases.
6.The mean number of new normal learning facilities a school has is not more than five.
7.During the COVID 19 pandemic, more than half of the residents in cities decided to stay in their remote
provinces.
8.Forty-five percent of the students chose the online learning delivery mode.
9.At most, 55% of the public-schoolteachers were advised to stay at home during the opening of classes.
10.At least 70% of the public schools used blended learning delivery mode.
Activity 1.2

A. Read and understand the given statements below. In a sheet of paper, write 𝑯a if the given
statement in every number is an alternative hypothesis. Otherwise, just leave it blank.
In 2015,it was recorded that around 34% of the population in 2015 were
not married. A researcher surveyed a random sample of 500 couples. He found
that18% of them were living together but unmarried. Test at 5% significance
level if the current percentage of unmarried couples is different from 34%.
1.The current percentage of unmarried couples is different from 34%.
2.The current percentage of unmarried couples is 34%
 An aver age construction worker hourly rate pay in the Philippines is
Php 62.50 with a standard deviation of Php 6.01. A random sample of 20
manufacturing workers were asked on their hourly rate and found that they
had an average of Php 50.00 hourly rate pay with a standard deviation of
Php 5.00. Construct a 90% confidence interval for the difference between
the average hourly rate for construction workers and the average hourly rate
for manufacturing workers.
3.There is a significant difference between the average hourly rate for
construction workers and the average hourly rate for manufacturing workers.
4. There is no significant difference between the average hourly rate for
construction workers and the average hourly rate for manufacturing workers.
Activity 1.2

A chemist invented an additive to increase the lifespan of

rechargeable battery. The said additive will extend on averagethe
battery’s lifespan to 48 months.

5.The average lifespan extension of rechargeable battery is not 48

months.
6.The average lifespan extension of rechargeable battery is 48 months
 B. Read and understand the statements below. In sheet of
paper ,Write the mathematical symbol of the alternative
hypothesis of the given statement

1. The average number of years to finish basic education isnot14years.

2. .At least 40% of private students transferred to public schools during the COVID 19pandemic.
3. The mean expenses of a family during the COVID 19 pandemic increased at most by 15%.
4. Thirty-five percent of senior high school students enrolled to a track/strand because of peer pressure.
5. During the COVID 19 pandemic, 8% of COVID 19 cases in the country were confirmed death cases.
6. The mean number of new normal learning facilities a school has is not more than five.
7. During the COVID 19 pandemic, more than half of the residents in cities decided to stay in their remote
provinces
8. Forty-five percent of the students chose the online learning delivery mode.
9. At most, 55% of the public-school teachers were advised to stay at home during the opening of classes.
10. 10.At least 70% of the public schools used blended learning delivery mode.
ACTIVITY1.3
Read and understand the given statements below. Determine the
value of 𝜶 or based on the alternative hypothesis in decimal form.
Write your answer in mathematical symbol a sheet of paper.

1.In 2015, it was recorded that around 34% of the population were not married. A researcher
surveyed a random sample of 500 couples. He foundoutthat18% of them were living
together but unmarried. Test at 5% significance level that the current percentage of
unmarried couples is different from 34%
2.An average construction worker hourly rate pay in the Philippines is Php 62.50 with a
standard deviation of Php 6.01. A random sample of 20 manufacturing workers were asked
on their hourly rate and found out that they had an average of Php 50.00hourly rate pay with
a standard deviation of Php 5.00. Construct a 90% confidence interval that the average
hourly rate for construction workers is higher than the average hourly rate for manufacturing
workers.
3.A chemist invented an additive to increase the lifespan of rechargeable battery. The said
additive will extend on average the battery’s lifespan to 48 months. Test the hypothesis at
0.01 level of significance that the average lifespan is higher than 48 months.
ACTIVITY1.3
Read and understand the given statements below. Determine the value of 𝜶
or based on the alternative hypothesis in decimal form. Write your answer in
mathematical symbol a sheet of paper.

4.The average number of years to finish basic education is 14.A sample of

30 senior high school students were asked and found out that the mean
number of years to finish their basic education is 12with a standard deviation
of 2 years. Test the hypothesis at 93% confidence interval that the average
number of years to finish basic education is less than 14 years.
5.A sample of 100 private school students were surveyed whether they plan
to transfer to public school in the incoming school year. Results showed that
40% of these students will transfer to public school. Test the average number
of private school students that will transfer to public school is not 40% at5%
level of significance
ACTIVITY1.4
Read and understand the given statements below. Determine the position of
the rejection region either left side, right side, or between the acceptance
region. Write your answer on the blank after the given.

1. In 2015, it was recorded that around 34% of the population were not married.
A researcher surveyed a random sample of 500 couples. He found out that 18%
of them were living together but unmarried. Test at 5% significance level that the
current percentage of unmarried couples is different from 34%.
2.An average construction worker hourly rate pay in the Philippines is Php 62.50
with a standard deviation of Php 6.01. A random sample of 20 manufacturing
workers were asked on their hourly rate and found out that they had an average
of Php 50.00hourly rate pay with a standard deviation of Php 5.00. Construct a
90% confidence interval that the average hourly rate for construction workers is
higher than the average hourly rate for manufacturing workers.
ACTIVITY1.4
Read and understand the given statements below. Determine the
position of the rejection region either left side, right side, or between
the acceptance region. Write your answer on the blank after the given.
3. A chemist invented an additive to increase the lifespan of rechargeable battery. The
said additive will extend on average the battery’s lifespan to 48 months. Test the
hypothesis at 0.01% level of significance that the average lifespan is higher than 48
months.
4. The average number of years to finish basic education is 14. A sample of 30 senior
high school students were asked and foundoutthat the mean number of years to finish
their basic education is 12with a standard deviation of 2 years. Test the hypothesis at
93% confidence interval that the average number of years to finish basic education is
less than 14 years.
5. A sample of 100 private school students were surveyed whether they planto transfer
to public schools in the incoming school year. Results showed that 40% of these
students will transfer to public schools. Test the average number of private school
students that will transfer to public schoolsis not 40% at 5% level of significance.
ACTIVITY1.5
Given a hypothesis. Formulate type I and II errors in a complete
sentence of the given statements below. Write your answers in a
sheet of paper.

1. The average number of years to finish basic education is 14.

2. At least 40% of private school students transferred to public schools during the
COVID 19 pandemic.
3. The mean expenses of a family during the COVID 19 pandemic increased at most by
15%.
4. Thirty-five percent of senior high school students enrolled to a track/strand because
of peer pressure.
5. 5.During the COVID 19 pandemic, 8% of COVID 19 cases in the country were
confirmed death cases.
Quiz No. 1 A. Write you answer in a sheet of
paper.

1.It is the inequality in the alternative hypothesis when the keyword at most is used.
2.It is the inequality in the alternative hypothesis when the keyword at least is used.
3.It is done to the level of significance when not equal is used in the alternative hypothesis.
4.It is an intelligent guess about the characteristics of a population.
5.It is a numerical value computed from the all the data of the population.
6.It is the center of the normal curve.7.It is the value of 𝛼when the confidence level is 92%.
8.The decision made to the null hypothesis when the critical value lies in the critical region.
9.The decision made to the null hypothesis when the critical value lies in the confidence region
10.The probability of committing type II error is 𝛽 and 𝛼 is the probability of committing type I error.
Write 𝛽in terms of 𝛼.
Quiz No. 1 B. Write your answer in a sheet of
paper.

1.It is a process in making decisions in evaluating claims about a

population.
A.Null hypothesis C. Test statistic
B.Alternative hypothesis D. Hypothesis testing
2.It is tested by a statistical test.
C.Null hypothesis C. Test statistic
D.Alternative hypothesis D. Hypothesis testing
Quiz No. 1 B. Write your answer in a sheet of
paper.

3.It is chosen when the parameter is larger than or smaller than the value
of the null hypothesis.
A.two-sided test C. Parametric test
B.one-sided test D. Non-parametric test
4. This assumes that there is a change, difference, relationship, or the
independent variable has an effect on the dependent variable.
C.Null hypothesis C. Test statistic
D.Alternative hypothesis D. Hypothesis testing
Quiz No. 1 B. Write your answer in a sheet of
paper.

5.This assumes that there is no change, no difference, no relationship, or the

independent variable has no effect on the dependent variable.
A. Null hypothesis C. Test statistic
B. Alternative hypothesis D. Hypothesis testing
6. Null and alternative hypotheses are statements about:
C.population parameters.
D.sample statistics.
E. sample parameters.
F. it depends -sometimes population parameters and sometimes sample statistics.