WRITING 5

WEEK 4
INTRODUCTION
Discussion Questions:
1. Why is research an important part of academic writing?
2. What are some good sources when conducting research?
3. How can you tell if source material is reliable?

Þ (1) It increases the writer’s knowledge of a topic, and provides specific evidence that can be used in
the essay
Þ (2) Books, magazines, newspapers, journals.
Þ (3) Check authority, purpose, relevance.
INTRODUCTION
4. What are the two parts of an in-text citation?
 The introduction phrase and the summarized/ paraphrased source

5. Why is a citation necessary?

 So that if readers want to, they can find information in the original source, and in order to avoid
plagiarism.
6. What information about the source of the information is usually included in an in-text citation?
 Author’s last name and page number
7. How is the Works Cited list organized?
 Alphabetically
INTRODUCTION
8. Where is the Works Cited list located?
 On a separate page at the end of an essay.
9. What information is in a Works Cited List?
 Complete information on where each source can be found.

There are a number of different citation styles.

+ MLA ( Modern Language Association)
+ APA (American Psychological Association)
CITING SOURCES IN THE ESSAY TEXT

Answer the following questions:

1. Do the following sentences require citation?
- The only time that England has won the FIFA World Cup was in 1966.
- The capital of Zimbabwe is Harare.
 These sentences are considered common knowledge because they are established facts. Their accuracy is
accepted by the majority of people. Therefore, they would not need citation.
2. When is citation required?
 When using a quotation, paraphrase, summary, or information that is not widely known.
3. When is citation not required?
 If the ideas and opinions are the essay writer’s own or if they are considered common knowledge.
CITING SOURCES IN THE ESSAY TEXT

4. What is common knowledge?

 Common knowledge is established facts. Their accuracy is accepted by the majority of people.
Therefore, they would not need citation.
=> If the writer is not sure whether or not the information is considered common knowledge, it is
better to include citation.
 APA In-Text CITATION

APA Citation Basics

- When using APA format, follow the author-date method of in-text citation. This means that the
author's last name and the year of publication for the source should appear in the text.
For example, (Jones, 1998). One complete reference for each source should appear in the
reference list at the end of the paper.
If you are referring to an idea from another work but NOT directly quoting the material, or making
reference to an entire book, article or other work, you only have to make reference to the author
and year of publication and not the page number in your in-text reference.
On the other hand, if you are directly quoting or borrowing from another work, you should include
the page number at the end of the parenthetical citation. Use the abbreviation “p.” (for one page)
or “pp.” (for multiple pages) before listing the page number(s). Use an en dash for page ranges.
 For example: (Jones, 1998, p. 199) or (Jones, 1998, pp. 199–201).
 APA In-Text CITATION

In-text Citation Capitalization, Quotes, and Italics/Underlining

- Always capitalize proper nouns, including author names and initials: D. Jones.
- If you refer to the title of a source within your paper, capitalize all words that are four letters long or
greater within the title of a source: Permanence and Change.
 Exceptions apply to short words that are verbs, nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and adverbs: Writing
New Media, There Is Nothing Left to Lose.
(Note: in your References list, only the first word of a title will be capitalized: Writing new media.)
- Capitalize the first word after a dash or colon: "Defining Film Rhetoric: The Case of
Hitchcock's Vertigo."
If the title of the work is italicized in your reference list, italicize it and use title case capitalization in the
text: The Closing of the American Mind; The Wizard of Oz; Friends.
 APA In-Text CITATION

Short quotations
If you are directly quoting from a work, you will need to include the author, year of publication, and page number for the
reference (preceded by "p." for a single page and “pp.” for a span of multiple pages, with the page numbers separated by an en
dash).
You can introduce the quotation with a signal phrase that includes the author's last name followed by the date of publication in
parentheses.
E.g: According to Jones (1998), "students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time" (p. 199).
Jones (1998) found "students often had difficulty using APA style" (p. 199); what implications does this have for teachers?
 Do not include the author’s name in the text of the sentence, place the author's last name, the year of publication, and the
page number in parentheses after the quotation.
E.g: She stated, "Students often had difficulty using APA style" (Jones, 1998, p. 199), but she did not offer an explanation as to
why.
 APA In-Text CITATION
Long quotations
- Place direct quotations that are 40 words or longer in a free-standing block of typewritten lines
and omit quotation marks.
- Start the quotation on a new line, indented 1/2 inch from the left margin.
- Type the entire quotation on the new margin, and indent the first line of any subsequent
paragraph within the quotation 1/2 inch from the new margin.
- Maintain double-spacing throughout, but do not add an extra blank line before or after it.
- The parenthetical citation should come after the closing punctuation mark.
APA In-Text CITATION
 APA In-Text CITATION

 Unknown Author
- If the work does not have an author, cite the source by its title in the signal phrase or use
the first word or two in the parentheses.
- Titles of books and reports are italicized; titles of articles, chapters, and web pages are in
quotation marks.
E.g: A similar study was done of students learning to format research papers ("Using
Citations," 2001).
Note: In the rare case that "Anonymous" is used for the author, treat it as the author's name
(Anonymous, 2001).
- In the reference list, use the name Anonymous as the author.
 APA In-Text CITATION

Summary or paraphrase

E.g:
•According to Jones (1998), APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners.
• APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners (Jones, 1998, p. 199).
 APA In-Text CITATION

Citing Non-Standard Author Categories

1. A Work by Two Authors
- Name both authors in the signal phrase or in parentheses each time you cite the work.
- Use the word "and" between the authors' names within the text and use the ampersand
(&)in parentheses.
E.g: Research by Wegener and Petty (1994) supports...
… (Wegener & Petty, 1994)
 APA In-Text CITATION

2. A Work by Three or More Authors

List only the first author’s name followed by “et al.” in every citation, even the first, unless doing so would create
ambiguity between different sources.
E.g: … (Kernis et al., 1993)
- Kernis et al. (1993) suggest...
In et al., ”et” should not be followed by a period. Only "al" should be followed by a period.
APA In-Text CITATION
If you’re citing multiple works with similar groups of authors, and the shortened “et al” citation
form of each source would be the same, you’ll need to avoid ambiguity by writing out more
names. If you cited works with these authors:
E.g: Jones, Smith, Liu, Huang, and Kim (2020)
Jones, Smith, Ruiz, Wang, and Stanton (2020)
They would be cited in-text as follows to avoid ambiguity:
(Jones, Smith, Liu, et al., 2020)
(Jones, Smith, Ruiz, et al., 2020)
 APA In-Text CITATION

3. Organization as an Author
E.g: According to the American Psychological Association (2000),...
If the organization has a well-known abbreviation, you may include the abbreviation in brackets the
first time the source is cited and then use only the abbreviation in later citations.
However, if you cite work from multiple organizations whose abbreviations are the same, do not use
abbreviations (to avoid ambiguity).
E.g: First citation: … (Mothers Against Drunk Driving [MADD], 2000)
Second citation: … (MADD, 2000)
 APA In-Text CITATION

4. Two or More Works in the Same Parentheses

E.g: … (Berndt, 2002; Harlow, 1983)
If you cite multiple works by the same author in the same parenthetical citation, give the
author’s name only once and follow with dates.
No date citations go first, then years, then in-press citations.
E.g: … (Smith, n.d., 1995, 2002, in press)
 APA In-Text CITATION

5. Authors with the Same Last Name

To prevent confusion, use first initials with the last names.
E.g: …(E. Johnson, 2001; L. Johnson, 1998)
 APA In-Text CITATION

6. Two or More Works by the Same Author in the Same Year

If you have two sources by the same author in the same year, use lower-case letters (a, b, c) with the
year to order the entries in the reference list.
Use the lower-case letters with the year in the in-text citation.
E.g: Research by Berndt (1981a) revealed strong correlations. However, a parallel study (Berndt,
1981b) resulted in inconclusive findings.
 APA In-Text CITATION

7. Introductions, Prefaces, Forewords, and Afterwords

When citing an Introduction, Preface, Foreword, or Afterword in-text, cite the appropriate author and
year as usual.
E.g: (Funk & Kolln, 1992)
 APA In-Text CITATION

8. Personal Communication
For interviews, letters, e-mails, and other person-to-person communication, cite the communicator's
name, the fact that it was personal communication, and the date of the communication.
Do not include personal communication in the reference list.
E.g: … (E. Robbins, personal communication, January 4, 2001).
If using a footnote to reference personal communication, handle citations the same way.
E.g: P. Smith also claimed that many of her students had difficulties with APA style (personal
communication, November 3, 2002).
 APA In-Text CITATION

9. Citing Indirect Sources

If you use a source that was cited in another source, name the original source in your
signal phrase  List the secondary source in your reference list and include the secondary
source in the parentheses. If you know the year of the original source, include it in the
citation.
E.g: Johnson argued that... (as cited in Smith, 2003, p. 102).
… (Johnson, 1985, as cited in Smith, 2003, p. 102).
 APA In-Text CITATION

10. Electronic Sources

If possible, cite an electronic document the same as any other document by using the author-date
style.
E.g: Kenneth (2000) explained...
11. Unknown Author and Unknown Date
If no author or date is given, use the title in your signal phrase or the first word or two of the title in
the parentheses and use the abbreviation "n.d." (for "no date").
E.g: Another study of students and research decisions discovered that students succeeded with
tutoring ("Tutoring and APA," n.d.).
 APA In-Text CITATION

12. Sources Without Page Numbers

When an electronic source lacks page numbers, you should try to include information that
will help readers find the passage being cited.  Use the heading or section name, an
abbreviated heading or section name, a paragraph number (para. 1), or a combination of
these.
E.g: According to Smith (1997), ... (Mind Over Matter section, para. 6).
 WORK-CITED LIST

Basic Rules for Most Sources

1. All lines after the first line of each entry in your reference list should be indented one-half inch from the left margin. This
is called hanging indentation.
2. All authors' names should be inverted (i.e., last names should be provided first).
3. Authors' first and middle names should be written as initials.
a. For example, the reference entry for a source written by Jane Marie Smith would begin with "Smith, J. M."
b. If a middle name isn't available, just initialize the author's first name: "Smith, J."

4. Give the last name and first/middle initials for all authors of a particular work up to and including 20 authors (this is a
new rule, as APA 6 only required the first six authors).
 Separate each author’s initials from the next author in the list with a comma. Use an ampersand (&) before the last
author’s name. If there are 21 or more authors, use an ellipsis (but no ampersand) after the 19th author, and then add the
final author’s name.
 WORK-CITED LIST

Basic Rules for Most Sources

5. Reference list entries should be alphabetized by the last name of the first author of each work.
6. For multiple articles by the same author, or authors listed in the same order, list the entries in chronological
order, from earliest to most recent.
7. When referring to the titles of books, chapters, articles, reports, webpages, or other sources, capitalize only
the first letter of the first word of the title and subtitle, the first word after a colon or a dash in the title, and
proper nouns.
*Note again that the titles of academic journals are subject to special rules. See section below.

8. Italicize titles of longer works (e.g., books, edited collections, names of newspapers, and so on).
9. Do not italicize, underline, or put quotes around the titles of shorter works such as chapters in books or essays
in edited collections.
 WORK-CITED LIST: AUTHORS

1. Single Author
Last name first, followed by author initials.
E.g: Brown, E. (2013). Comedy and the feminine middlebrow novel. Pickering & Chatto.
2. Two Authors
List by their last names and initials. Separate author names with a comma. Use the ampersand
instead of "and."
E.g: Soto, C. J., & John, O. P. (2017). The next big five inventory (BFI-2): Developing and assessing a
hierarchical model with 15 facets to enhance bandwidth, fidelity, and predictive power. Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology, 113(1), 117-143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000096
 WORK-CITED LIST: AUTHORS

3. Three to Twenty Authors

List by last names and initials; commas separate author names, while the last author name
is preceded again by ampersand.
E.g: Nguyen, T., Carnevale, J. J., Scholer, A. A., Miele, D. B., & Fujita, K. (2019).
Metamotivational knowledge of the role of high-level and low-level construal in goal-
relevant task performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 117(5), 879-899.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000166
 WORK-CITED LIST: AUTHORS

4. More Than Twenty Authors

List by last names and initials; commas separate author names.
After the first 19 authors’ names, use an ellipsis in place of the remaining author names. Then, end
with the final author's name (do not place an ampersand before it).
There should be no more than twenty names in the citation in total.
E.g: Pegion, K., Kirtman, B. P., Becker, E., Collins, D. C., LaJoie, E., Burgman, R., Bell, R., DelSole, R.,
Min, D., Zhu, Y., Li, W., Sinsky, E., Guan, H., Gottschalck, J., Metzger, E. J., Barton, N. P., Achuthavarier,
D., Marshak, J., Koster, R., . . . Kim, H. (2019). The subseasonal experiment (SubX): A multimodel
subseasonal prediction experiment. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 100(10), 2043-
2061. https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-18-0270.1
 WORK-CITED LIST: AUTHORS
5. Group Author
- Group authors can include corporations, government agencies, organizations, etc; and a group may publish in coordination
with individuals.
 treat the publishing organization the same way you'd treat the author's name and format the rest of the citation as
normal. Be sure to give the full name of the group author in your reference list, although abbreviations may be used in your
text.
- Entries in reference works ( e.g. dictionaries, thesauruses, and encyclopedias) without credited authors are also considered
works with group authors.
E.g: Merriam-Webster. (2008). Braggadocio. In Merriam-Webster’s Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary. Merriam-Webster.
- When a work has multiple layers of group authorship (e.g. The Office of the Historian, which is a part of the Department of
State, publishes something), list the most specific agency as the author and the parent agency as the publisher.
E.g: Bureau of International Organization Affairs. (2018). U.S. contributions to international organizations, 2017 [Annual
report]. U.S. Department of State. https://www.state.gov/u-s-contributions-to-international-organizations/
 WORK-CITED LIST:AUTHORS

6. Unknown Author
When the work does not have an author move the title of the work to the beginning of the
references and follow with the date of publication.
Only use “Anonymous ” if the author is the work is signed “Anonymous.”
E.g: Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (11th ed.). (2003). Merriam-Webster.
 WORK-CITED LIST: AUTHORS
7. Two or More Works by the Same Author
- Use the author's name for all entries and list the entries by the year (earliest comes first). List references with no dates before
references with dates.
Urcuioli, P. J. (n.d.), Urcuioli, P. J. (2011), Urcuioli, P. J. (2015).
- When an author appears both as a sole author and, in another citation, as the first author of a group, list the one-author entries first.
 Agnew, C. R. (Ed.). (2014). Social influences on romantic relationships: Beyond the dyad. Cambridge University Press
 Agnew, C. R., & South, S. C. (Eds.). (2014). Interpersonal relationships and health: Social and clinical psychological mechanisms. Oxford
University Press.
- References that have the same first author and different second and/or third authors are arranged alphabetically by the last name of
the second author, or the last name of the third if the first and second authors are the same.
Arriaga, X. B., Capezza, N. M., Reed, J. T., Wesselman, E. D., & Williams, K. D. (2014). With partners like you, who needs strangers?:
Ostracism involving a romantic partner. Personal Relationships, 21(4), 557-569.
Arriaga, X. B., Kumashiro, M., Finkel, E. J., VanderDrift, L. E., & Luchies, L. B. (2014). Filling the void: Bolstering attachment security in
committed relationships. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 5(4), 398-405.
 WORK-CITED LIST: AUTHORS
8. Two or More Works by the Same Author in the Same Year
- If you are using more than one reference by the same author—or the same group of authors listed in the same
order—published in the same year, first check to see if they have more specific dates .
- Works with only a year should be listed before those with a more specific date. List specific dates chronologically.
- If two works have the same publication date, organize them in the reference list alphabetically by the title of the
article or chapter.
- If references with the same date are identified as parts of a series (e.g. Part 1 and Part 2), list them in order of
their place in the series. Then assign letter suffixes to the year. Refer to these sources in your essay as they appear
in your reference list, e.g.: "Berndt (2004a) makes similar claims..."
E.g: Berndt, T. J. (2004a). Children’s friendships: Shifts over a half-century in perspectives on their development
and their effects. Merrill Palmer Quarterly, 50(3), 206-223.
Berndt, T. J. (2004b). Friendship and three A’s (aggression, adjustment, and attachment). Journal of Experimental
Child Psychology, 88(1), 1-4.
 WORK-CITED LIST: AUTHORS

9. Introductions, Prefaces, Forewords, and Afterwords

Cite the publishing information about a book as usual, but cite Introduction, Preface,
Foreword, or Afterword (whatever title is applicable) as the chapter of the book.
E.g: Lang, J. M. (2018). Introduction. In Dujardin, G., Lang, J. M., & Staunton, J. A.
(Eds.), Teaching the literature survey course (pp. 1-8). West Virginia University Press.
 WORK-CITED LIST: ARTICLES IN
PERIODICALS

 Basic Form
APA style dictates that authors are named with their last name followed by their initials; publication year goes
between parentheses, followed by a period.
The title of the article is in sentence-case, meaning only the first word and proper nouns in the title are capitalized.
The periodical title is run in title case, and is followed by the volume number which, with the title, is also italicized.
If a DOI has been assigned to the article that you are using, you should include this after the page numbers for the
article.
If no DOI has been assigned and you are accessing the periodical online, use the URL of the website from which
you are retrieving the periodical.
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume number(issue number),
pages. https://doi.org/xx.xxx/yyyy
WORK-CITED LIST: ARTICLES IN PERIODICALS

1. Article in Print Journal

E.g: Scruton, R. (1996). The eclipse of listening. The New Criterion, 15(3), 5–13.
2. Article in Electronic Journal
As noted above, when citing an article in an electronic journal, include a DOI if one is associated with the
article.
Baniya, S., & Weech, S. (2019). Data and experience design: Negotiating community-oriented digital research
with service-learning. Purdue Journal of Service-Learning and International Engagement, 6(1), 11–16.
https://doi.org/10.5703/1288284316979
DOIs may not always be available. In these cases, use a URL.
Denny, H., Nordlof, J., & Salem, L. (2018). "Tell me exactly what it was that I was doing that was so bad":
Understanding the needs and expectations of working-class students in writing centers. Writing Center Journal,
37(1), 67–98. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26537363
 WORK-CITED LIST: ARTICLES IN PERIODICALS

3. Article in a Magazine
Peterzell, J. (1990, April). Better late than never. Time, 135(17), 20–21.
4. Article in a Newspaper
Schultz, S. (2005, December). Calls made to strengthen state energy policies. The Country Today, 1A, 2A.
5. Review
Baumeister, R. F. (1993). Exposing the self-knowledge myth [Review of the book The self-knower: A hero
under control, by R. A. Wicklund & M. Eckert]. Contemporary Psychology, 38(5), 466–467.
 WORK-CITED LIST: BOOKS

1. Basic Format for Books

Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle. Publisher
Name. DOI (if available)
Stoneman, R. (2008). Alexander the Great: A life in legend. Yale University Press.
2. Edited Book, No Author
Editor, E. E. (Ed.). (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle.
Publisher. DOI (if available)
Leitch, M. G., & Rushton, C. J. (Eds.). (2019). A new companion to Malory. D. S. Brewer.
 WORK-CITED LIST: BOOKS
3. Edited Book with an Author or Authors
Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle (E. Editor, Ed.). Publisher. DOI (if
available)
E.g: Malory, T. (2017). Le morte darthur (P. J. C. Field, Ed.). D. S. Brewer. (Original work published 1469-70)
4. A Translation
Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle (T. Translator, Trans.). Publisher. (Original
work published YEAR) DOI (if available)
E.g: Plato (1989). Symposium (A. Nehamas & P. Woodruff, Trans.). Hackett Publishing Company. (Original work
published ca. 385-378 BCE)
Note: When you cite a republished work, like the one above, in your text, it should appear with both dates: Plato (385-
378/1989)
 WORK-CITED LIST: BOOKS
5. Edition Other Than the First
Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle (# edition). Publisher. DOI (if
available)
E.g: Belcher, W. (2019). Writing your journal article in twelve weeks: A guide to academic publishing
success (2nd ed.). University of Chicago Press.
6. Article or Chapter in an Edited Book
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year of publication). Title of chapter. In E. E. Editor & F. F. Editor (Eds.), Title of
work: Capital letter also for subtitle (pp. pages of chapter). Publisher. DOI (if available)
Note: When you list the pages of the chapter or essay in parentheses after the book title, use "pp." before
the numbers: (pp. 1-21).
 This abbreviation, however, does not appear before the page numbers in periodical references. List any
edition number in the same set of parentheses as the page numbers, separated by a comma: (2nd ed., pp.
66-72).
E.g: Armstrong, D. (2019). Malory and character. In M. G. Leitch & C. J. Rushton (Eds.), A new companion to
Malory (pp. 144-163). D. S. Brewer.
 WORK-CITED LIST: BOOKS

7. Multivolume Work
Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle (Vol.
#). Publisher. DOI (if available)
E.g: David, A., & Simpson, J. (Eds.). (2006). The Norton anthology of English literature: The
Middle Ages (8th ed.,Vol. A). W. W. Norton and Company.
 WORK-CITED LIST: OTHER PRINT
SOURCES

1. Entry in a Dictionary, Thesaurus, or Encyclopedia with a Group Author

Institution or organization name. (Year). Title of entry. In Title of reference work (edition, page
numbers). Publisher name.
E.g: Merriam-Webster, Incorporated. (1997). Goat. In Merriam Webster’s collegiate
dictionary (10th ed., pp. 499-500). Merriam-Webster, Incorporated.
 WORK-CITED LIST: OTHER PRINT
SOURCES

2. Entry in a Dictionary, Thesaurus, or Encyclopedia with an Individual Author

Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of entry. In F. M. Lastname (ed.), Title of reference
work (edition, page numbers). Publisher.
E.g: Tatum, S. R. (2009). Spirituality and religion in hip hop literature and culture. In T. L.
Stanley (ed.), Encyclopedia of hip hop literature (pp. 250-252). Greenwood.
 WORK-CITED LIST: ELECTRONIC
SOURCES
1. Webpage or Piece of Online Content
- If the page names an individual author, cite their name first:
Lastname, F. M. (Year, Month Date). Title of page. Site name. URL
E.g: Price, D. (2018, March 23). Laziness does not exist. Medium. https://
humanparts.medium.com/laziness-does-not-exist-3af27e312d01
- If the resource was written by a group or organization, use the name of the group/organization as the
author.
Additionally, if the author and site name are the same, omit the site name from the citation.
Group name. (Year, Month Date). Title of page. Site name. URL
E.g: American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. (2019, November 21). Justice served: Case
closed for over 40 dogfighting victims.
https://www.aspca.org/news/justice-served-case-closed-over-40-dogfighting-victims
 WORK-CITED LIST: ELECTRONIC
SOURCES
- If the page's author is not listed, start with the title instead. Additionally, include a retrieval date when the
page's content is likely to change over time (like, for instance, if you're citing a wiki that is publicly edited).
Title of page. (Year, Month Date). Site name. Retrieved Month Date, Year, from URL
E.g: Tuscan white bean pasta. (2018, February 25). Budgetbytes. Retrieved March 18, 2020, from
https://www.budgetbytes.com/tuscan-white-bean-pasta/

- If the date of publication is not listed, use the abbreviation (n.d.).

Author or Group name. (n.d.). Title of page. Site name (if applicable). URL
E.g: National Alliance on Mental Illness. (n.d.). Mental health conditions.
https://www.nami.org/Learn-More/Mental-Health-Conditions
 WORK-CITED LIST: ELECTRONIC
SOURCES

2. Wikipedia Article
Title of article. (Year, Month Date). In Wikipedia. URL of archived version of page
E.g: Quantum mechanics. (2019, November 19). In Wikipedia.
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quantum_mechanics&oldid=948476810
 WORK-CITED LIST: ELECTRONIC
SOURCES

3. Online News Article

Lastname, F. M. (Year, Month Date). Title of article. Title of Publication. URL
E.g: Richards, C. (2019, December 9). Best music of 2019: Lana Del Rey sings lullabies
about the end of America. Washington Post.
https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/music/best-music-of-2019-lana-del-rey-si
ngs-lullabies-about-the-end-of-america/2019/12/06/6e82c5ec-15d8-11ea-a659-7d69641c6
ff7_story.html
 WORK-CITED LIST: ELECTRONIC
SOURCES

 On the other hand, if the source doesn't come from a site with an associated newspaper, italicize
the title of the article, but leave the name of the site unformatted.
Lastname, F. M. (Year, Month Date). Title of article. Name of publishing website. URL
E.g: Jones, J. (2020, May 10). Why flats dominate Spain's housing market. BBC.
https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20200506-why-do-flats-dominate-spains-housing-market
 WORK-CITED LIST: ELECTRONIC
SOURCES

4. Dissertation/Thesis from a Database

Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of dissertation or thesis (Publication No.) [Doctoral dissertation
or master’s thesis, Name of Institution Awarding Degree]. Database Name.
E.g: Duis, J. M. (2008). Acid/base chemistry and related organic chemistry conceptions of
undergraduate organic chemistry students. (Publication No. 3348786) [Doctoral
dissertation, University of Northern Colorado]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.
 WORK-CITED LIST: ELECTRONIC
SOURCES

5. Entry in an Online Dictionary, Thesaurus, or Encyclopedia with a Group Author

Institution or organization name. (Year). Title of entry. In Title of reference work. URL
E.g: Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Braggadocio. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved January
13, 2020, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/braggadocio
 WORK-CITED LIST: ELECTRONIC
SOURCES

6. Entry in an Online Dictionary, Thesaurus, or Encyclopedia with an Individual Author

Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of entry. In F. M. Lastname (ed.), Title of reference work
(edition). Publisher. URL or DOI
E.g: Martin, M. (2018). Animals. In L. A. Schintler & C. L. McNeely (Eds), Encyclopedia of
big data. SpringerLink. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32001-4_7-1
Note: If the dictionary, thesaurus, or encyclopedia does not include an edition, simply skip
that step.
 WORK-CITED LIST: ELECTRONIC
SOURCES
7. Qualitative Data and Online Interviews
- If an interview is not retrievable in audio or print form, cite the interview only in the text (not in the reference list)
and provide the month, day, and year in the text.
- If the interview transcript is published in an online periodical, like a magazine, cite the interview the same way you
would cite the medium where it is published, as shown below:
E.g: Schulman, M. (2019, December 8). Peter Dinklage is still punk rock. The New Yorker.
https://www.newyorker.com/culture/the-new-yorker-interview/peter-dinklage-is-still-punk-rock
- If it is an audio file or transcript published in a database, credit the interviewee as the author and use the following
model:
E.g: Paynter, W. (1970, September 17). Interview with Will Paynter [Interview]. Studs Terkel Radio Archive; The Chicago
History Museum. https://studsterkel.wfmt.com/programs/interview-will-paynter
 WORK-CITED LIST: ELECTRONIC
SOURCES

8. Online Lecture Notes and Presentation Slides

Lastname, F. M. (Year, Month Date). Title of presentation [Lecture notes, PowerPoint slides, etc].
Publisher. URL
E.g: Smith, C. (2017, October 13). AI and machine learning demystified [PowerPoint slides].
SlideShare.
https://www.slideshare.net/carologic/ai-and-machine-learning-demystified-by-carol-smith-at-midwest
-ux-2017
 WORK-CITED LIST: ELECTRONIC
SOURCES

9. Facebook Post
Lastname, F. M. or Name of Group. (Year, Month Date). Content of the post up to the first 20
words [Type of post]. Site Name. URL
Note: If the Facebook post includes images, videos, or links to other sources, indicate that
information in brackets after the content description. Also attempt to replicate emojis if possible.
E.g: U.S. Department of the Interior. (2020, January 10). Like frosting on a cake, snow coats and clings
to the hoodoos at Bryce Canyon National Park in Utah [Image attached] [Status update]. Facebook.
https://www.facebook.com/USInterior/photos/a.155163054537384/2586475451406120/?type=3&th
eater
 WORK-CITED LIST: ELECTRONIC
SOURCES
10. Facebook Page
Last name, F. M. or Name of Group. (n.d.). Home [Facebook page]. Site name. Retrieved Month Date, Year, from
URL
E.g: Little River Canyon National Preserve (n.d.). Home [Facebook page]. Facebook. Retrieved January 12, 2020
from https://www.facebook.com/lirinps/
11. Instagram Photo or Video
Last name, F. M. or Name of Group [@username]. (Year, Month Date). Content of the post up to the first 20
words [Type of post]. Site Name. URL
E.g: BBC [@bbc]. (2020, January 12). Skywatchers have been treated to the first full moon of 2020-known as a
“wolf moon”-at the same time as a [Photograph]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/B7OkWqbBwcf/
 WORK-CITED LIST: ELECTRONIC SOURCES

12. Blog Post

Lastname, F. M. (Year, Month Date). Title of post. Publisher. URL
E.g: Axelrod, A. (2019, August 11). A century later: The Treaty of Versailles and its rejection of racial equality. Code Switch, NPR. https://
www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2019/08/11/742293305/a-century-later-the-treaty-of-versailles-and-its-rejection-of-racial-equality

13. YouTube or other Streaming Video

Last Name, F. M. [Username]. (Year, Month Date). Title of video [Video]. Streaming Service. URL
E.g: Lushi, K. [Korab Lushi]. (2016, July 3). Albatross culture 1 [Video]. YouTube.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_AMrJRQDPjk&t=148s
Note: The person or group who uploaded the video is considered the author. If the author’s name is the same as the username, you
can omit the [Username]
PRACTICE 1: Decide if the following information
requires citation or not (page 33)
1. The population of China is over one billion.
2. By 2040, India’s population is predicted to reach 1.52 billion.
3. Research has shown that there are important differences between written and spoken
English.
4. The capital city of Australia is Canberra.
5. Yuri Gagarin was the first man in space.
6. Sea levels was expected to be 1.4 meter higher in 2100 than they were in 1990.
PRACTICE 1: Decide if the following information
requires citation or not (page 43): KEY
1. The population of China is over one billion.
 No
2. By 2040, India’s population is predicted to reach 1.52 billion.
 Yes. Specific figures coming from research always need to be cited.
3. Research has shown that there are important differences between written and spoken English.
 No, because the observations are not specific.
4. The capital city of Australia is Canberra.
 No. This is common geographical knowledge.
5. Yuri Gagarin was the first man in space.
 No. This is common historical / scientific knowledge.
6. Sea levels was expected to be 1.4 meter higher in 2100 than they were in 1990.
 Yes, because specific data is included.
PRACTICE 2: … read and answer the questions (page
36): KEY
1. How many citations are used in the essay?
2. Underline the information in the essay that was taken from sources
3. What words or phrases are used to introduce sources?
4. How are the sources in the Works Cited list organized?
5. Are all the sources on the Work Cited list used in the essay?
6. Which source has no author? How does it appear in the essay? Why does it appear this way?
7. Why is information such as the “Energy Resource Group”, the “ New York Times”, the “BBC” and the
“United Nations” included in the essay text?
8. What information from the Work Cited list must always be used to create in-text citation?
9. Which in-text citation patterns were used with each citation? Why might the writer have chosen to
use Pattern 1 or Pattern 2 in these situations?
PRACTICE 2: … read and answer the questions (page
46): KEY
1. How many citations are used in the essay?
 There are 6.
2. Underline the information in the essay that was taken from sources.
 The six instances are as follows:
(1) Now, a new solar-powered lamp, when charged for eight hours in the bright sun, can provide up to a
hundred hours of continuous, stable light.
(2) “Health problems caused by toxic fumes from kerosene lamps are responsible for an estimated two
million deaths annually.”
(3) … in rural, often remote parts of Sub-Saharan Africa, cell phones allow people to communicate easily
and immediately with neighboring villages, as well as provide access to banking networks and global
information sources.
PRACTICE 2: … read and answer the questions (page
46): KEY
(4) … in a study of rural communities in developing countries, shop owners, traders, farmers, and
fishermen all claimed that access to a cell phone had a positive impact on their profits.
(5) … a solar-powered lamp is relatively expensive for most families in developing countries, but because
it costs nothing to operate after the purchase, it is much cheaper than alternatives, like kerosene.
(6) … literacy rates and the number of people studying for trade certificates are increasing faster in towns
and villages where solar-powered lamps area accessible.
PRACTICE 2: … read and answer the questions (page
46): KEY
3. What words or phrases are used to introduce sources?
 The five introductory phrases are as follows (the first citation did not have one):
(1) An Energy Resource Group article reports,… (Silver)
(2) … New York Times writer Sharon LaFranier found that …(C3).
(3)The same article also reported that … (LaFraniere C3).
(4) A BBC news story explains that … (“Solar”).
(5) In the journal Africa Renewal – United Nations Department of Public Information, it was concluded
that … (Madamombe 10).
PRACTICE 2: … read and answer the questions (page
46): KEY
4. How are the sources in the Works Cited list organized?
 In alphabetical order.
5. Are all the sources on the Work Cited list used in the essay?
 Yes.
6. Which source has no author? How does it appear in the essay? Why does it appear this way?
 “Solar Loans Light Up Rural India” from BBC News is cited as “Solar” because when the author is
unknown, the first word(s) of the title should be used between quotation marks.
7. Why is information such as the “Energy Resource Group”, the “ New York Times”, the “BBC” and the
“United Nations” included in the essay text?
 In order to give extra authority to the source. This is useful when the author is not so well known or
when he or she is not an established expert on the topic.
PRACTICE 2: … read and answer the questions (page
46): KEY
8. What information from the Work Cited list must always be used to create in-text citation?
 Always the first piece of information presented in its Works Cited entry along with the page number
when available. Examples in order of appearance:
+ (“Solar”)
+ (Silver)
+ Sharon LaFraniere …(C3)
+ (LaFraniere C3)
+ (“Solar”)
+ (Madamombe 10)
PRACTICE 2: … read and answer the questions (page
46): KEY
9. Which in-text citation patterns were used with each citation? Why might the writer have chosen to use
Pattern 1 or Pattern 2 in these situations?
 The first citation (“Solar”) uses Pattern 2. In this case, the information is emphasized over its sources.
 The second citation (Silver) uses Pattern 1 because the source is clearly an authority, so this pattern is more
efficient.
 The third citation (LaFraniere) uses Pattern 1 to emphasize that this author is a reliable source of
information.
 The forth citation (LaFraniere) uses Pattern 1 to emphasize that this author is a reliable source of
information.
 The fifth citation (“Solar”) uses Pattern 1 to give more authority to the source that was cited in Pattern 2 at
the beginning of the essay.
 The sixth citation (Madamombe) uses Pattern 1 because the source is clearly an authority, so this pattern is
more efficient.