Communication Standards

Wired and Wireless Communication
Standards
Associate Professor
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Session Objectives
After completion of the session you will be able to understand
• The project 802 for standard

• IEEE Ethernet Standards 802.2, 802.5
• Ethernet Frame format for communication
• Wireless Standard for Communication, 802.11
• Wireless frame format for communication
Introduction
• In 1985, the Computer Society of the IEEE started a project, called Project 802.
• The objective was to set standards to enable intercommunication among equipment from a
variety of manufacturers.
• Project 802 does not seek to replace any part of the OSI model or TCP/IP protocol suite.
Instead, it is a way of specifying functions of the physical layer and the data-link layer of
major LAN protocols.
Ethernet Evolution through four Generations
• The original Ethernet was created in 1976 at Xerox’s Palo Alto Research Center (PARC).
• Since then, it has gone through four generations.: Standard Ethernet (10 Mbps), Fast Ethernet
(100 Mbps), Gigabit Ethernet (1 Gbps), and 10 Gigabit Ethernet (10 Gbps)
Standard Ethernet (10Mbps)
• The original Ethernet technology with the data rate of 10 Mbps is called as the Standard
Ethernet.
• Examples: 10Base2, 10Base5, 10Base T, 10Base F
• The frame format is shown in figure below.
Summary of Standard Ethernet Implementation
10Base5 Ethernet Implementation
10Base2 Ethernet Implementation
10Base T Ethernet Implementation
10Base F Ethernet Implementation
Fast Ethernet Standard (100Mbps)
• In the 1990s, Ethernet transmission rate increased to 100 Mbps, and called generation of Fast
Ethernet.
• The designers of the Fast Ethernet needed to make it compatible with the Standard Ethernet.
• The MAC sublayer was left unchanged and the features of the Standard Ethernet that depend on
the transmission rate, had to be changed.
Summary of Fast Ethernet Standard Implementation
Fast Ethernet Standard Implementation
Gigabit Ethernet Standard (1Gbps)
• The goals of the Gigabit Ethernet were to

upgrade the data rate to 1 Gbps.
• Challenge was to keep the address length, the
frame format, and the maximum and
minimum frame length the same.
• The IEEE committee calls it the Standard
802.3z.
• The standard is compatible with high speed
fiber optical communication.
• Gigabit Ethernet has two distinctive
approaches for medium access: half-duplex
and full-duplex.
Gigabit Ethernet Standard Implementation
Gigabit Ethernet Standard (10Gbps)
• The idea is to extend the technology, the data rate, and the coverage distance so that the
Ethernet can be used as LAN and MAN (metropolitan area network).
• The IEEE committee called it Standard 802.3ae.
• It operates only in full-duplex mode, which means there is no need for contention.
• Four implementations are the most common: 10GBase-SR, 10GBase-LR, 10GBase-EW, and
10GBase-X4.
10 Gigabit Ethernet Standard Implementation
Wireless LAN Standard 802.11
• Wireless communication is one of the fastest-growing technologies.

• The demand for connecting devices without the use of cables is increasing everywhere.
• Wireless LANs can be found on college campuses, in office buildings, and in many public areas.
• IEEE has defined the specifications for a wireless LAN, called IEEE 802.11.
• It covers the physical and data-link layers.
• The public uses the term WiFi (short for wireless fidelity) as a synonym for wireless LAN.
• The difference between wire and wireless LAN is shown in the figure below:
Wireless LAN Challenges
• Access Control - how a wireless host can get access to the shared medium (air).
• The CSMA/CD algorithm does not work in wireless LANs for three reasons:
 Wireless hosts do not have enough power to send and receive at the same time.
 The hidden station problem prevents collision detection
 The distance between stations can be great.
• The hidden and exposed terminal problem.
Wireless LAN Architecture
• The standard defines two kinds of services: the basic service set (BSS) and the extended service
set (ESS).
Extended service set (ESS)

802.11 Frame Format
Various 802.11 Standard
Summary
In this session we have learned
• IEEE Ethernet Standards for communication

• IEEE Frame format for communication
• IEEE Wireless Standard for Communication along with frame format
• Challenges associated with Wireless Communication

Communication Standards

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Wired and Wireless Communication

After completion of the session you will be able to understand

• The project 802 for standard

• The goals of the Gigabit Ethernet were to

• Wireless communication is one of the fastest-growing technologies.

Extended service set (ESS)

In this session we have learned

• IEEE Ethernet Standards for communication

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