Lec-1 - 051252023 Doppler Effect

Waves and Oscillations
Course Code – PHY 230

Class: Bachelor of Science in Physics
Semester: 3rd -SP22, Secession (A)
Week: 13th (04-08) Dec

Lecture: 1st
Instructor: Dr. Muhammad Ajmal khan
Email: [email protected]
Department of Physics
COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI),
Lahore Campus
Doppler Effect
The apparent change in frequency of sound waves for an

observer when sound source and observer have relative
motion is called Doppler effect.
The velocity of medium affects apparent frequency.
The doppler effect is also applicable to light waves.
This is amount of waves emitted by
stationary source and received by
stationary observer in time t
′
𝑇h𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑠 𝑉 𝑜 𝑡 / 𝜆𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑤h𝑒𝑛 h𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐h𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝑂 .
Shock Waves (Sonic Booms)
When the source velocity exceeds the speed of sound,
Fig 14.11, p. 439

Slide 15
Application: speed radar
Application: weather radar
Both humidity (reflected intensity) and speed of clouds

(doppler effect) are measured.
1- Reflection and Transmission of Transverse at a boundary
between two strings Wave Motion
Let us suppose that two strings 1 and 2 of two linear
densities are joined at point to form a composite string.
Let us assume that both strings are stretched with same
tension T.
The characteristic impedances of the strings are
and , where and are linear densities of strings,
, wave velocity in the string 1
, wave velocity in the string 2
Let us suppose that a wave (called incident wave) is travelling
in the +x-direction on the string 1.
The particle displacement of the string 1 are given by
Where ,
but ,
So
is the amplitude of incident wave.
When this wave reach the boundary ( at which x=0) which
separating the two strings, it is partly reflected and partly
transmitted at the boundary.
The reflected wave travels on the string 1 in the negative x
direction and transmitted wave travels on the string 2 in the
positive x direction.
The particle displacements due to these two waves are given
Where ,
but ,
So
= amplitude of reflected wave.
= amplitude of transmitted wave.
Medium 1 T Medium 2
g 2
r i n
Incident wave St
g 1
T t r in
S
Reflected wave Transmitted wave
Z1= Impedance Z2= Impedance

X-axis
At x = 0
Boundary Conditions
The point x = 0 at the boundary oscillations under the
combined influence of the incident and reflected waves in the
string 1.
It then acts as source of transmitted waves travelling in the
string 2.
1- The displacement is same immediately to the left and to
the right of the boundaries at x =0,
That is is continuous across the boundary at x = 0. Therefore,
velocity is also continuous.
2- The restoring force or transverse component of tension
[-T ] is continuous across the boundary at x =0.
To understand this,
Let us assume that there is an infinitesimal element of mass
at x=0.
If the is not continuous, this would give rise to a net
transverse force acting on this infinitesimally small mass of
the string at x=0.
Consequently, this element have an infinite acceleration
which is not permitted.
The in the string 1 is due to the superposition of
displacements due to the incident and reflected waves.
The in the string 2 is due only to the transmitted waves.
Now using the boundary conditions 1
Putting , x=0 in above equation so we get
For all t, term is cancelled , so above relation becomes

-------(1)
Now using the boundary conditions 2 at x=0
Putting , x=0 in above equation so we get
For all t, term is cancelled , so above relation becomes
Now , but ,
,
but
Similarly
Putting these values then we get
------ (2)
------ (2) -------(1)

Now putting the values of in eq (2) so we get
,
= ,
= when wave travels form string 1 to string 2.
------ (2) -------(1)
Now putting the values of in eq (2) so we get
= ,
There two possibilities i- , ii- ,
i- , The ratio of Ar/Ai will be negative, which indicate a phase change

of on reflection.
Thus we conclude that if a medium of lower impedance meets the
boundary of medium of higher impedance, the wave reflect at the
boundary under goes a phase change of .
i- , The ratio of Ar/Ai will be positive,
Thus we conclude that if a medium of lower impedance meets the
boundary of medium of higher impedance, the wave reflect at the
boundary dose not goes a phase change.
This eq. shows that the ratio of At/Ai will be always remains positive,
and independent of weather Z2 is less than or more than Z1.
Thus we conclude that the transmitted wave dose not go under any
phase change.
1- Reflection and Transmission of Energy at the Boundary
Waves are a very useful mechanism for the transport of energy in a medium. It is interesting to consider what
happens to the energy in a wave when it meets a boundary between two media of different impedances.
As the wave travel along the string, each part of the string is thrown into harmonic oscillation with passage of
time.
The rate at which energy is carried per unit length along the string is given by the equation
Let us now compute the rate at which energy is incident, reflected and transmitted at the boundary at The
rate of incident energy is the rate at which the energy is carried by the incident wave is given by
Similarly, the rates of reflected and transmitted energies respectively are
Putting the , = = =
= = =
𝟐 (
𝟏 𝟐
𝒁 𝟏 − 𝒁 𝟐) +𝟐 𝒁 𝟐
𝑷 𝒓 + 𝑷 𝒕= 𝑨𝒊 𝝎 𝒁 𝟏 𝝎 [ ]
𝟐 ( 𝒁𝟏+ 𝒁𝟐)
𝟏 𝒁𝟏+ 𝒁𝟐
] 𝑷 𝒓 + 𝑷 𝒕 = 𝟏 𝑨 𝒊 𝝎 𝟐 𝒁 𝟏 𝝎 𝟐= 𝑷 𝒊
𝟐 𝟐
𝑷 𝒓 + 𝑷 𝒕= 𝑨𝒊 𝝎 𝒁 𝟏 𝝎 [
𝟐 ( 𝒁𝟏+ 𝒁𝟐) 𝟐
In other words, the rate at which energy arrives at the boundary with the incident wave is equal to the rate at
which energy leaves the boundary with the reflected and transmitted waves.
This is consistent with the conservation of energy at the junction of two media.
Thus, energy is conserved. All the energy arriving at the boundary with the incident wave leaves the boundary
with the reflected and transmitted waves.
This is expected since we have assumed that there is no absorption of energy at the boundary.
= =
Notice that
Reflection coefficient + Transmission coefficient = 1
Also, if ,
No energy is reflected and impedance are said to be Matched.
Exp.8.1
Two stings of linear densities and are joined together are stretched with tension T. A transverse waves is
incident on the boundary.
Find
1- the fraction of the incident amplitude reflected and transmitted at the boundary
2- The fraction of the incident energy reflected and transmitted at the boundary
if
The characteristics impedances of the strings are

Case-1 in this case Case-1 in this case
a) The fraction of the incident amplitude a) The fraction of the incident amplitude
and reflected amplitude at the boundary and reflected amplitude at the boundary
is given by is given by
b) The reflection and transmitted b) The reflection and transmitted

coefficients of energy are coefficients of energy are

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Waves and Oscillations

Course Code – PHY 230

Week: 13th (04-08) Dec

The apparent change in frequency of sound waves for an

Fig 14.11, p. 439

Both humidity (reflected intensity) and speed of clouds

Z1= Impedance Z2= Impedance

Putting , x=0 in above equation so we get

For all t, term is cancelled , so above relation becomes

Putting , x=0 in above equation so we get

For all t, term is cancelled , so above relation becomes

------ (2) -------(1)

i- , The ratio of Ar/Ai will be negative, which indicate a phase change

Similarly, the rates of reflected and transmitted energies respectively are

The characteristics impedances of the strings are

b) The reflection and transmitted b) The reflection and transmitted

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