Living in the

Information Technology
Era

President Ramon Magsaysay State University Computer Engineering Department

 Lesson 2
History of Computer: Basic Computing Periods
History of Computer: Basic Computing Periods
Definition of Computer Three principal characteristics of computer:
• Computer is a programmable machine. • It responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-
defined manner.
• Computer is an electronic device that manipulates
information, or data. It has the ability to store, • It can execute a pre-recorded list of instructions.
retrieve, and process data.
• It can quickly store and retrieve large amounts of
• Computer is a machine that manipulates data data.
according to a list of instructions (program).
• Computer is any device which aids humans in
performing various kinds of computations or
calculations.

GEE 4 Living in the IT Era By: Engr. Froilan G. Cantillo

History of Computer: Basic Computing Periods
Earliest Computers originally calculations were
computed by humans, whose job title was computers.
• These human computers were typically engaged in
the calculation of a mathematical expression.
• The calculations of this period were specialized and
expensive, requiring years of training in mathematics.
• The first use of the word "computer" was recorded in
1613, referring to a person who carried out
calculations, or computations, and the word
continued to be used in that sense until the middle of
the 20th century.

GEE 4 Living in the IT Era By: Engr. Froilan G. Cantillo 4

History of Computer: Basic Computing Periods
Tally sticks Abacus
A tally stick was an ancient memory aid device to record An abacus is a mechanical device used to aid an
and document numbers, quantities, or even messages. individual in performing mathematical calculations.
• The abacus was invented in Babylonia in 2400 B.C.
• The abacus in the form we are most familiar with was
first used in China in around 500 B.C.
• It used to perform basic arithmetic operations.

GEE 4 Living in the IT Era By: Engr. Froilan G. Cantillo 5

History of Computer: Basic Computing Periods
Napier's Bones Slide Rule
• Invented by John Napier in 1614. Invented by William Oughtred in 1622.
• Allowed the operator to multiply, divide and calculate • Is based on Napier's ideas about logarithms.
square and cube roots by moving the rods around
• Used primarily for - multiplication - division - roots -
and placing them in specially constructed boards.
logarithms – Trigonometry
• Not normally used for addition or subtraction.

GEE 4 Living in the IT Era By: Engr. Froilan G. Cantillo 6

History of Computer: Basic Computing Periods
Pascaline Stepped Reckoner
• Invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642. • Invented by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1672.
• It was its limitation to addition and subtraction. • The machine that can add subtract multiply and
divide automatically
• It is too expensive.

GEE 4 Living in the IT Era By: Engr. Froilan G. Cantillo 7

History of Computer: Basic Computing Periods
Jacquard Loom Arithmometer
• The Jacquard loom is a mechanical loom, invented by • A mechanical calculator invented by Thomas de
Joseph-Marie Jacquard in 1881. Colmar in 1820.
• It is an automatic loom controlled by punched cards. • The first reliable, useful and commercially successful
calculating machine.
• The machine could perform the four basic
mathematic functions.
• The first mass-produced calculating machine.

GEE 4 Living in the IT Era By: Engr. Froilan G. Cantillo 8

History of Computer: Basic Computing Periods
Difference Engine and Analytical Engine First Computer Programmer
• It an automatic, mechanical calculator designed to • In 1840, Augusta Ada Byron suggests to Babbage that
tabulate polynomial functions. he use the binary system.
• Invented by Charles Babbage in 1822 and 1834 • She writes programs for the Analytical Engine.
• It is the first mechanical computer.

GEE 4 Living in the IT Era By: Engr. Froilan G. Cantillo 9

History of Computer: Basic Computing Periods
Scheutzian Calculation Engine Tabulating Machine
• Invented by Per Georg Scheutz in 1843. • Invented by Herman Hollerith in 1890.
• Based on Charles Babbage's difference engine. • To assist in summarizing information and accounting.
• The first printing calculator.

GEE 4 Living in the IT Era By: Engr. Froilan G. Cantillo 10

History of Computer: Basic Computing Periods
Harvard Mark 1 Z1
• Also known as IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled • The first programmable computer.
Calculator (ASCC).
• Created by Konrad Zuse in Germany from 1936 to
• Invented by Howard H. Aiken in 1943 1938.
• The first electro-mechanical computer. • To program the Z1 required that the user insert punch
tape into a punch tape reader and all output was also
generated through punch tape.

GEE 4 Living in the IT Era By: Engr. Froilan G. Cantillo 11

History of Computer: Basic Computing Periods
Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) ENIAC
• It was the first electronic digital computing device. • ENIAC stands for Electronic Numerical Integrator and
Computer.
• Invented by Professor John Atanasoff and graduate
student Clifford Berry at lowa • It was the first electronic general-purpose computer.
• State University between 1939 and 1942. • Completed in 1946.
• Developed by John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly.

GEE 4 Living in the IT Era By: Engr. Froilan G. Cantillo 12

History of Computer: Basic Computing Periods
UNIVAC 1 EDVAC
• The UNIVAC I (UNIVersal Automatic Computer 1) was • EDVAC stands for Electronic Discrete Variable
the first commercial computer. Automatic Computer
• Designed by John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly. • The First Stored Program Computer
• Designed by Von Neumann in 1952.
• It has a memory to hold both a stored program as
well as data.

GEE 4 Living in the IT Era By: Engr. Froilan G. Cantillo 13

History of Computer: Basic Computing Periods
The First Portable Computer The First Computer Company
• Osborne 1 - the first portable computer. • The first computer company was the Electronic
Controls Company.
• Released in 1981 by the Osborne Computer
Corporation. • Founded in 1949 by John Presper Eckert and John
Mauchly.

GEE 4 Living in the IT Era By: Engr. Froilan G. Cantillo 14

Four Stages of Information Technology Development
a) Premechanical – The premechanical age is the d) Electronic – The electronic age is what we currently
earliest age of information technology. It can be live in. It can be defined as the time between 1940
defined as the time between 3000B.C. and 1450A.D. and right now. The ENIAC was the first high-speed,
b) Mechanical – The mechanical age is when we first digital computer capable of being reprogrammed to
start to see connections between our current solve a full range of computing problems.
technology and its ancestors. The mechanical age can
be defined as the time between 1450 and 1840.
c) Electromechanical – Some technologies that
resemble our modern-day technology. The
electromechanical age can be defined as the time
between 1840 and 1940. These are the beginnings of
telecommunication.

GEE 4 Living in the IT Era By: Engr. Froilan G. Cantillo 15

Pre-Mechanical Age: 3000 B.C. – 1450 A.D.
1. Writing and Alphabets-communication. • 3000 B.C., the Sumerians in Mesopotamia (what is
• Petroglyph - First humans communicated only today southern Iraq) devised Cuniform.
through speaking and picture drawings.

• The Greeks later adopted the Phoenician alphabet

and added vowels; the Romans gave the letters Latin
names to create the alphabet we use today.

GEE 4 Living in the IT Era By: Engr. Froilan G. Cantillo 16

Pre-Mechanical Age: 3000 B.C. – 1450 A.D.
3. Books and Libraries: Permanent Storage Devices.
• Religious leaders in Mesopotamia kept the earliest
"books"
• The Egyptians kept scrolls.
• Around 600 B.C., the Greeks began to fold sheets
of papyrus vertically into leaves and bind them
together.

Papyrus

Scrolls

GEE 4 Living in the IT Era By: Engr. Froilan G. Cantillo 17

4. The First Numbering Systems. • The first numbering systems like those in use today
• Egyptian System: were invented between 100 and 200 A.D. by
Hindus in India who created a nine-digit
o The numbers 1-9 as vertical lines, the number
numbering system.
10 as a ꓵ or circle, the number 100 as a coiled
rope, and the number 1,000 as a lotus • Around 875 A.D., the concept of zero was
blossom. developed.

GEE 4 Living in the IT Era By: Engr. Froilan G. Cantillo 18

Pre-Mechanical Age: 3000 B.C. – 1450 A.D.
5. The First Calculators: The Abacus.
• One of the very first information processors.

GEE 4 Living in the IT Era By: Engr. Froilan G. Cantillo 19

Mechanical Age: 1450 – 1840
1. The First Information Explosion.
• Johann Gutenberg – Invented the movable metal-
type printing process in 1450.
• The development of book indexes and the
widespread use of page numbers.
2. Calculating Machine
Pascaline
• Wilhelm Schickard invented the first mechanical
calculator in 1623 that can work with six digits and
can carries digits across columns.
4. Babbage's Engines
3. Pascaline
• Charles Babbage – invented the difference engine
• The Pascaline. Invented by Blaise Pascal (1642) (1821) and analytical engine (1832). Father of
(made of clock gears and levers) that could solve modern computer.
mathematical problems like addition and
subtraction.

GEE 4 Living in the IT Era By: Engr. Froilan G. Cantillo 20

Eletromechanical Age: 1840 – 1940
1. Morse Code: 1835
• Samuel Morse – conceived of his version of an
Electromagnetic Telegraph (Dots and Dashes)
2. Telephone and Radio: 1876
• Alexander Graham Bell – developed the first
working telephone.
3. Comptograph: 1885
• Dorr Felt – invented first adding and subtracting
calculator. Comptograph
• Comptograph containing a built-in printer. 4. Punch Card: 1890
• Piece of stiff paper that contains digital
information represented by the presence or
absence of holes in predefined positions.

GEE 4 Living in the IT Era By: Engr. Froilan G. Cantillo 21

Electronic Age: 1941 – Present
1. Z1: 1941 3. ABC Computer: 1942
• Konrad Zuse – Built the first programmable • John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry.
computer called Z3. • Completed the first all-electronic computer called
2. Mark I: 1942 ABC or Atanasoff-Berry Computer.
• John von Neumann – Build the first stored program • Foundation for advances in electronic digital
computer. computers.
• 8 feet tall, 51 feet long, 2 feet thick, weighed 5
tons, used about 750,000 parts, 500 miles of wires.

GEE 4 Living in the IT Era By: Engr. Froilan G. Cantillo 22

Milestone in Computer History
History of Computer: Generations of Computer The First Generation
There are five generations of computer: The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and
magnetic drums for memory, and were often enormous,
• First generation – 1946 to 1958
taking up entire rooms. They were very expensive to
• Second generation – 1959 to 1964 operate and in addition to using a great deal of
• Third generation – 1965 to 1970 electricity, generated a lot of heat, which was often the
cause of malfunctions
• Fourth generation – 1971 to Today
• Fifth generation – Today to future

GEE 4 Living in the IT Era By: Engr. Froilan G. Cantillo 23

Milestone in Computer History
The Second Generation The Third Generation
Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the The development of the integrated circuit was the
second generation of computers. One transistor replaced hallmark of the third generation of computers.
the equivalent of 40 vacuum tubes. Allowing computers Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips,
to become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient called semiconductors, which drastically increased the
and more reliable. Still generated a great deal of heat speed and efficiency of computers. It could carry out
that can damage the computer. instructions in billionths of a second. Much smaller and
cheaper compare to the second- generation computers.

GEE 4 Living in the IT Era By: Engr. Froilan G. Cantillo 24

Milestone in Computer History
The Fourth Generation The Fifth Generation
The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of Based on Artificial Intelligence (AI). Still in development.
computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built The use of parallel processing and superconductors is
onto a single silicon chip. As these small computers helping to make artificial intelligence a reality. The goal is
became more powerful, they could be linked together to to develop devices that respond to natural language
form networks, which eventually led to the development input and are capable of learning and self- organization.
of the Internet. There are some applications, such as voice recognition,
that are being used today.

GEE 4 Living in the IT Era By: Engr. Froilan G. Cantillo 25

Applications of ICT (Computers) in Our Daily Lives
Business Education
• Store and maintain accounts, personnel records, • Can be used to give learners audio-visual packages,
manage projects, track inventory, create interactive exercises, and remote learning, including
presentations and reports. tutoring over the internet.
• Enable communication with people both within and • Can be used to access educational information from
outside the business, using various technologies, intranet and internet sources, or via e-books.
including e-mail.
• Can be used to maintain and monitor student
• Can be used to promote the business and enable performance, including through the use of online
direct interaction with customers. examinations, as well as to create projects and
assignments.

GEE 4 Living in the IT Era By: Engr. Froilan G. Cantillo 26

Applications of ICT (Computers) in Our Daily Lives
Healthcare Retail and Trade
• Easier to store and access patient data, complex • Can be used to buy and sell products online.
information can also be analyzed by software to aid
• Enables sellers to reach a wider market with low
discovery of diagnoses, as well as search for risks of
overheads, and buyers to compare prices, read
diseases.
reviews, and choose delivery preferences.
• Computers control lab equipment, heart rate
• Can be used for direct trading and advertising, using
monitors, and blood pressure monitors.
sites, social media or independent websites.
• Enable doctors to have greater access to information
on the latest drugs, as well as the ability /to share
information on diseases with other medical
specialists.

GEE 4 Living in the IT Era By: Engr. Froilan G. Cantillo 27

Applications of ICT (Computers) in Our Daily Lives
Government Marketing
• Improve the quality and efficiency of their services. • Enable marketing campaigns to be more precise
o Examples include city planning, law enforcement, through the analysis and manipulation of data. T
traffic, and tourism. • Facilitate the creation of websites and promotional
• Can be used to store information, promote services, materials.
communicate internally and externally, as well as for • Can be used to generate social media campaigns.
routine administrative purposes.
• Enable direct communication with customers through
email and online chat.

GEE 4 Living in the IT Era By: Engr. Froilan G. Cantillo 28

Applications of ICT (Computers) in Our Daily Lives
Science Publishing
• Scientists were one of the first groups to adopt • Can be used to design pretty much any type of
computers as a work tool. publication.
• Can be used for research, sharing information with • Include newsletters, marketing materials, fashion
other specialists both locally and internationally, as magazines, novels, or newspapers.
well as collecting, categorizing, analyzing, and storing
• Computers are used in the publishing of both hard-
data.
copy and e-books.
• Computers also play a vital role in launching,
• They are also used to market publications and track
controlling, and maintaining space craft, as well as
sales.
operating other advanced technology.

GEE 4 Living in the IT Era By: Engr. Froilan G. Cantillo 29

Applications of ICT (Computers) in Our Daily Lives
Arts and Entertainment Communication
• Can be used to create drawings, graphic designs, and • Real-time communication over the internet easy,
paintings. thanks to software and videoconferencing services
such as Skype.
• Can be used to edit, copy, send, and print
photographs. They can be used by writers to create • Families can connect with audio and video,
and edit. businesses can hold meetings between remote
participants,
• Can be used to make, record, edit, play, and listen to
music. • News organizations can interview people without the
need for a film crew.
• Can be used to capture, edit and watch videos.
• Can be used for playing games.

GEE 4 Living in the IT Era By: Engr. Froilan G. Cantillo 30

Applications of ICT (Computers) in Our Daily Lives
Banking and Finance Transport
• Most banking in advanced countries now takes place • Road vehicles, trains, planes, and boats are
online. increasingly automated with computers being used to
maintain safety and navigation systems, and
• Can use computers to check your account balance,
increasingly to drive, fly, or steer.
transfer money, or pay off credit cards.
• Can also highlight problems that require attention,
• Can also use computer technology to access
such as low fuel levels, oil changes, or a failing
information on stock markets, trade stocks, and
mechanical part.
manage investments.
• Can be used to customize settings for individuals.
• Banks store customer account data, as well as
detailed information on customer behavior which is o Example, seat setup, air-conditioning
used to streamline marketing. temperatures.

GEE 4 Living in the IT Era By: Engr. Froilan G. Cantillo 31

Applications of ICT (Computers) in Our Daily Lives
Navigation Working From Home
• Computer technology has been combined with GPS • Working from home and other forms of remote
technology. working increasingly common.
• Computers combined with satellites mean that it's • Workers can access necessary data, communicate,
now easy to pinpoint your exact location, know which and share information without commuting to a
way that you are moving on a map, traditional office.
• Good idea of amenities and places of interest around • Managers are able to monitor workers' productivity
you. remotely.

GEE 4 Living in the IT Era By: Engr. Froilan G. Cantillo 32

Applications of ICT (Computers) in Our Daily Lives
Military Social and Romance
• Use for training purposes. • Social media enables people to chat in text or audio in
real time across large distances,
• Used for analyzing intelligence data.
• Exchange photographs, videos, and memes.
• Used to control smart technology, such as guided
missiles and drones, as well as for tracking incoming • Dating sites and apps help people to find romance.
missiles and destroying them.
• Online groups help people to connect with others
• Work with other technologies such as satellites to who have similar interests.
provide geospatial information and analysis.
• Help tanks and planes to target enemy forces.

GEE 4 Living in the IT Era By: Engr. Froilan G. Cantillo 33

Applications of ICT (Computers) in Our Daily Lives
Booking Vacations Security and Surveillance
• Can be used by travelers to study timetables, examine • Increasingly being combined with other technologies
route options, and buy plane, train, or bus tickets. to monitor people and goods.
• Can be used to explore and book accommodation, • Computers combined with biometric passports make
whether traditional hotels, or through newer it harder for people to fraudulently enter a country or
services. gain access to a passenger airplane.
• Guided tours, excursions, events, and trips can also be • Face-recognition technology makes it easier to
explored and booked online using computers. identify terrorists or criminals in public places.
• Driver plates can be auto scanned by speed cameras
or police cars.
• Private security systems have also become much
more sophisticated with the introduction of computer
technology and internet technology.

GEE 4 Living in the IT Era By: Engr. Froilan G. Cantillo 34

Applications of ICT (Computers) in Our Daily Lives
Weather Forecasting Robotics
• World's weather is complex and depends upon a • Robotics is an expanding area of technology which
multitude of factors that are constantly changing. combines computers with science and engineering to
produce machines that can either replace humans, or
• It's impossible for human beings to monitor and
do specific jobs that humans are unable to do.
process all the information coming in from satellite
and other technologies, never mind perform the • One of the first use of robotics was in manufacturing
complex calculations that are needed to predict what to build cars. Since then, robots have been developed
is likely to happen in the future. to explore areas where conditions are too harsh for
humans, to help law enforcement, to help the
• Computers can process the large amounts of
military, and to assist healthcare professionals.
meteorological information.

GEE 4 Living in the IT Era By: Engr. Froilan G. Cantillo 35

End of Lesson 2
Any Questions?

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