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Volcanic Eruption - Module 2

The document discusses volcanic eruptions including the composition and classification of magma, the process of volcanic eruptions, volcanic hazards and their effects, and precautionary measures. Magma composition is influenced by factors like silica content, temperature, viscosity and volatile gases. Magma can be classified as basaltic, andesitic or rhyolitic based on these properties. Volcanic eruptions occur when gases in magma are released, which can range from non-explosive to highly explosive depending on magma type. Hazards include ashfall, lava flows, mudflows and pyroclastic flows.

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Ivy Grace Suarez Calipes
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26 views18 pages

Volcanic Eruption - Module 2

The document discusses volcanic eruptions including the composition and classification of magma, the process of volcanic eruptions, volcanic hazards and their effects, and precautionary measures. Magma composition is influenced by factors like silica content, temperature, viscosity and volatile gases. Magma can be classified as basaltic, andesitic or rhyolitic based on these properties. Volcanic eruptions occur when gases in magma are released, which can range from non-explosive to highly explosive depending on magma type. Hazards include ashfall, lava flows, mudflows and pyroclastic flows.

Uploaded by

Ivy Grace Suarez Calipes
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Volcanic

Eruption
Table of 01 Magma and its composition
contents 02 Classification of magma
03 Process of Volcanic Eruption
04 Volcanic Hazards and their Effects
05 Precautionary measures
What is magma?
It is a molten rock which lies underneath
volcanoes. It is formed at destructive
plate boundaries and is rich in silicate.
These are products of crustal rocks
(which are richer in silica than the rock
of the mantle).
Composition of Magma
Crystal Content
Some magmas begin to crystalize as they reach the surface. High temperature
minerals are formed as magma slowly cools down followed by low
temperature minerals. Magma always contain crystals of high temperature
Viscosity
• The magma’s silica content affects its viscosity (the resistance of the fluid to
flow). Low viscosity magma has low silica content and is composed mostly of
basalt. While magma with ryolite is viscous or high in viscosity due to its high
silica content.
• Temperature also affects the viscosity of magma. Magma with high temperature
have low viscosity while magma with low temperature have high viscosity.
REMEMBER!
Magma’s silica content is directly
proportional to the magma’s viscosity.
While Magma’s temperature is inversely
proportional to the magma’s viscosity .
Composition of Magma
Temperature

Temperature of magma reflects the melting point of their mineral


components. Magmas formed by partial melting of mantle rocks are
much hotter over 1200 degrees Celsius for some basalts. Ryolites that
reached the surface have temperature of less that 900 degrees Celsius
and have a much higher viscosity.
Composition of Magma
Volatile content
• It is material that can be easily transformed into vapor.
• Magma contain small amounts of dissolved gas (water vapor, carbon dioxide,
etc.) which is released as pressure is removed.
• Magmas formed by melting of mantle rocks have generally low volatile contents
but those formed by partial melting of crustal rocks are often volatile rich. The
degree of concentration of different volcanic gases are different from one
volcano to another.
• Water vapor is the most abundant gas followed by carbon dioxide and sulfur
dioxide.
• As the gas continues to precipitate from the high viscosity magma, the bubles
will be prevented from rapidly breaking out resulting to the increase in pressure
in the magma column.
Classification of Magma
Compositio Viscosity Temperature Gas Silica Explosivenes Location of
n content Content s formation

Basaltic Low 1000 – 1200 1-2 % 50 % Least Oceanic and


magma degree Explosive continental
celsius

Andesitic Intermediat 900 – 1000 3-4 % 60 % Intermediate Continental


magma e degree margins
celsius associated
with
subduction
zones
Rhyolitic High 750 – 900 4-6 % 70 % Most Continental
magma degree explosive crust
celsius
Process of Volcanic Eruption
1. High temperature inside the Earth melts the solid rocks in the mantle and turns it
into a thick molten mixture commonly known as magma. The continuous melting
of solid rocks and accumulation of additional magma push it to the vent of a
volcano called magma chamber.

2. As dissolved gases are released from the magma, bubbles will begin to form
through the process called vesiculation. This can occur by decompression or
crystallization.

3. As the magma reaches the Earth’s surface it explodes due to the presence of
dissolved gas. The type of explosion of a volcano is dependent on the composition
of magma.
Volcanic Hazards and their Effects
• Volcanic hazards are phenomena arising from volcanic
activity that poses potential threat to people and
property.
• Tephra or fragmented volcanic debris are violently
ejected into the atmosphere and can extend to tens of
kilometers above (stones)
• Carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gasa is also dispersed into
the atmosphere that leads to global warming.
• Sulfur dioxide can cause global cooling,ozone
destruction and air pollution.
Ash Fall
Pulvurized rocks, sand, gritty and harsh glasses shoot out in the air
by volcano.
Mud Flow
Mixture of water, molten rocks and debris flowing down from the
side of volcano to the ground. It is called Lahar.
Lava Flow
Streams of molten rocks and other fragmented materials emitted by
erupting volcano
Pyroclastic Flow
Fast moving mixture of gas, ash, and molten rocks moving away from
the volcano to the ground
Why do people live near volcanoes?
o Volcanic ash produces very fertile soil ideal for farming
o Steams and water from volcanoes can be used to supply
heat and electricity.
o Volcanic rock makes good building material
o Volcanoes, geysers and bubbling pools make good tourist
attraction
o Valuable materials and metals are found near volcanic
sites
o Land is inexpensive and available for development
Precautionary measures
BEFORE
 Know the facts about volcanoes in your area like danger zones
and history of eruptions
 Know the location of designated evacuation site
 Listen to the announcement of your authorities Stock clean and
safe drinking water and food supplies
DURING
 Stay inside your homes and keep doors and windows close.
 Secure you water and food supplies.
 Wear mask eye googles or face shield if you need to go out.
 Do not go near the danger zone
 Listen to the news via television or radio devices
 Obey the evacuation orders of the authorities.
Precautionary measures
AFTER
 Assess the situation if it is safe to go out.
 Check the perimeter of your house for any possible
damage
 Clean and remove the volcanic ashes in the roof, gutters
and windows
 Replaced contaminated water ang food supplies
 Stay updated in news and announcements from your
authorities.
Thank You
for
Listening!

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