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Semantic Analysis, Scope

The document discusses semantic analysis which involves analyzing the meaning of a program. It covers name analysis and type analysis, and discusses implementing semantic analysis using attribute grammars or recursive AST walks. It also provides examples of symbol tables and how they are used in semantic analysis.

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shvdo
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87 views112 pages

Semantic Analysis, Scope

The document discusses semantic analysis which involves analyzing the meaning of a program. It covers name analysis and type analysis, and discusses implementing semantic analysis using attribute grammars or recursive AST walks. It also provides examples of symbol tables and how they are used in semantic analysis.

Uploaded by

shvdo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Semantic Analysis

Where we are at
• So far, we’ve only defined
the structure of a
program—aka the syntax
• We are now diving into
the semantics of the
program

2
Semantic Analysis
• Two phases
• Name analysis (aka name resolution)
• For each scope
• Process declarations, add them to symbol table
• Process statements, update IDs to point to their entry
• Type analysis
• Process statements
• Use symbol table info to determine the type of each expression (and sub-expression)

7
Implementing Semantic Analysis
● Attribute Grammars
Augment rules to do checking during parsing.
Has its limitations.
● Recursive AST Walk
Construct the AST, then use functions and
recursion to explore the tree.
Scope
Simplified view of symbol table example 1
main(){ //line 1
char a[5]; //line 2
int x; //line 3
Simplified view of symbol table example 2
Possible Symbol Table Implementations
Why Two Interpretations?
•Spaghetti stack more accurately captures
the scoping structure
•Spaghetti stack is a static structure
•Explicit stack is a dynamic structure.
Scoping in Object-Oriented Languages
Explicit Disambiguation: Another Example
Single- and Multi-Pass Compilers
• Parsing methods such as LL(1), LR(0), LALR(1), etc. always
scan the input from left-to-right
• Since we only need one token of lookahead, we can do
lexical analysis and parsing simultaneously in one pass
over the file
• Some compilers can combine scanning, parsing,
semantic analysis, and code generation into the same
pass. These are called single-pass compilers
• Other compilers rescan the input multiple times. These
are called multi-pass compilers
Symbol table entries
• Table that binds a name to information we need

• What information do you think we need?


• Kind (struct, variable, function, class)
• Type (int, int × string → bool, struct)
• Nesting level
• Runtime location (where it’s stored in memory)

89
Symbol table implementation
• We want the symbol table to efficiently add an
entry when we need it, remove it when we’re
done with it
• A good choice is a list of Java HashMaps,
ArrayLists for ordered lists (parameters, etc.)
• This makes sense since we expect to remove a
lot of names from scope at once
90
Example

g: () -> void, 1

91
Symbol kinds
• Symbol kinds (= types of identifiers)
• Variables
• Carries a name, primitive type
• Function declarations
• Carries a name, return type, list of parameter types
• Struct definitions
• Carries a name, list of fields (types with names), size

92
Sym class implementation
• There are many ways to implement symbols
• Here’s one suggestion
• Sym class for variable definitions
• FnSym class for function declarations
• StructDefSym for struct type definitions
• Contains it’s OWN symbol table for it’s field definitions
• StructSym for when you want an instance of a struct

93
Implementing name analysis with an AST
• At this point, we’re done with the Parse Tree
- All subsequent processing done on the AST + symbol table

• Walk the AST


• Augment AST nodes where names are used (both declarations and uses) with
a link to the relevant object in the symbol table
• Put new entries into the symbol table when a declaration is encountered

94
Abstract Syntax Tree int a;
int f(bool r) {
DeclListNode struct b{
int q;
};
cout << a;
VarDeclNode FnDeclNode }

IntNode IdNode IntNode IdNode FormalListNode FnNodeBody

Id types: Var, Function, Struct VarDeclNode StructDeclNode WriteStmtNode

BoolNode IdNode DeclListNode IdNode


Symbol Table
VarDeclNode
Sym
a
Type: Int
Sym IntNode IdNode
r
Type: bool
FnSym
f RetType: Int
List<Type>: [bool] StructDeclSym q Sym
b
fields Type: Int
95
Symbol Table for Classes and Methods

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