GET FAMILIAR

WITH TECHNICAL
TERMS IN
RESEARCH
EN10V-iVa-30
What is a Research?
 DIG ME
DEEPER!!
Research
- is a process of investigation of inquiry that
requires data collection, analysis, and
interpretation using appropriate methodologies.
Research will help you to evaluate if the
hypothesis is valid, as it gathers a body of
knowledge and findings to be shared by
students, teachers, and experts.
Two Types of Research

QUALITATIVE AND
QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH

QUALI AND
 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

Qualitative Research is descriptive. The

data gathered are usually expressed in words. It is
used to understand concepts based on the
participant’s thoughts or experiences. This type of
research enables you to gather the participants’
experiences through interviews, focus group
discussions, and open-ended questionnaires.
 QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

Quantitative Research is usually

expressed in numbers and graphs. It is used to
test or confirm theories and assumptions. This
type of research gathers data through experiments
and surveys with closed-ended questions.
 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Conceptual framework shows the relationship of research

variables and helps you to inform the rest of the design. To assess
and refine the goals, develop realistic and relevant research
questions, select appropriate methods and identify the threats to the
conclusion. It illustrates and maps out how relevant the variables
are to each other. In developing the conceptual framework, it must
make sense based on existing studies or theories from your
literature review.
 POPULATION
Population represents the entire group of people that meets the
criteria of your study.
a. Subpopulation is a subgroup from the population that is created
based on research.
b. Sample is selected from the population or the subpopulation.
c. Convenience samples are participants that can be studied most
easily,
cheaply, or quickly.
 Title Page
Title Page is the first page of your article, and
therefore, must be well-formatted to represent
your paper. This page should include all the
information necessary for a reader to identify
the contents of the article (e.g. author(s), the
origin of the article, and the article type).
 The Struggle Between Body And Mind:
A Student In Stress

A Research Paper Presented To

Masbate National Comprehensive High School

In Partial Fulfillment Of
The Requirements In
Practical research 1

Ed Vincent Ybanez
Mon Nava
March 2019
 ABSTRACT
Abstract summarizes the contents of the
research. It is composed of one paragraph with
300 words or less, and discusses the important
aspects of the entire paper: 1) the overall purpose
of the study and the research problem(s) you
investigated; 2) the basic design of the study, and
3) major findings or trends found as a result.
 INTRODUCTION / THE
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Introduction is one of the first things you need to write in

your research. It is where you mention your specific topic from a
general standpoint. Here, you establish the scope, context, and
significance of your research. You will have to state a piece of short
background information about the variables which can also be
supported by citing existing studies. You will also state the purpose,
hypothesis, a brief explanation of your methodology, and potential
outcomes of your research.
Purpose of the Study states the aims and
objectives of your research.
 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Significance of the Study is the part of the research
where you must briefly discuss the beneficiaries,
significance, and contribution of the study to society.
Also think about the significance of your research and
thesis study from two perspectives: (1) what is the
general contribution of your research on your field and
(2) what specific contribution have you made to the
knowledge and who does this benefit the most.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Statement of the Problem identifies the problems or
questions that your research would like to answer or prove
based on the data that will be gathered.
Example:
1. How does repetitive practice testing affect final exam scores?
2. How many repetitions are needed to see an increase in the
final exam score?
 HYPOTHESIS
Hypothesis states what your research may find out. It is stated as it
answers your main research question. It may indicate predictions on the
different or opposite outcomes of the research as it is based on existing
theories or studies. You have to remember that it must be testable which
you can support or refute based on the data that you have gathered.
1. A null hypothesis (HO) is a prediction that there is no significant
change, effect, or relationship between the variables.
2. An alternative hypothesis (H1) is a prediction that there is significant
change, effect, or relationship between the variables.
 SCOPE AND DELIMITATIONS
Scope will dictate the extent of how deep you will
explore the research questions. You have to indicate specific
restrictions such as timeframe or population so that the
research is feasible to finish.
Delimitations explain some aspects of the variables
that is going to be excluded in your research. It describes the
boundaries that you have set for the study. Delimitations are
often strongly related to your theory and research questions.
 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Theoretical Framework is an
understanding of theories and concepts that
are relevant to the topic of your research
paper and that relate to the broader areas of
knowledge being considered.
 METHODOLOGY
Research Methodology refers to the data that is going
to be collected and analyzed in the research. It serves as a
guide that discusses the details on:
1. What data to collect (quantitative or qualitative data)
2. Who to collect it from (sampling design)
3. How to collect it (data collection methods)
4. How to analyze it (data analysis methods)
 SAMPLING METHOD
Sampling Design refers to how the
participants of your study are selected.
Participants are persons who voluntarily
participate in your research after giving
informed consent.
 INSTRUMENTS

Instruments that can be used in your research

are interviews, tests, surveys, or checklists. The
research instrument is usually determined by the
researcher and is tied to the study methodology.
Sometimes, the instruments are selected based on the
previous studies that are related to the main research.
DATE COLLECTION/GATHERING
METHOD
Data Collection Method refers to the tools you
will use in your research to collect data. Selecting the
data collection method depends on the aims and
research problems you want to answer. Practicalities
and resource constraints should also be considered in
the selection process. Here are examples of data
a) Focus groups and group interviews
b) Interviews (which can be unstructured, semi-
structured, or structured)
c) Surveys (online or physical surveys)
d) Observations
e) Documents and records
f) Case studies
 SURVEY
Survey is a data collection method
comprised of multiple-choice or rating scales. It
is more convenient for you to use a survey
when you need to gather a huge amount of data
because it is easier to score or analyze.
 QUESTIONNAIRE
Questionnaire is an instrument that is made up of a
series of questions to information from respondents.
Questionnaires can be facilitated online or face-to-face.
Results are the findings from the data that you have
collected from your study. The data should be arranged
in a logical manner based on the research questions being
addressed using graphs, charts, and tables to be easily
understood by the readers. Each figure should have a
description and a summary of the significant findings
below.
4 TYPES OF QUESTIONNAIRE

1. Open-ended Questionnaires
2. Close-ended Questionnaires
3. Multiple Choices
4. Rating Scale
 DATA ANALYSIS
Data Analysis is the process of applying
statistical procedures to describe and illustrate the
data collected. The data gathered are transcribed
and analyzed using a statistical procedure
depending on the research design to generate
support for the hypothesis or research problems.
 CONCLUSION
Conclusion is where the key findings are
summarized and arranged in a manner that answers
your research problem. It should clearly answer your
research problems based on the findings. You will be
explaining if the findings proved the null or
alternative hypothesis. Don’t forget to use references
from existing studies to finish your conclusion
stronger.
 RECOMMENDATION
Recommendation should discuss the specific
measures or directions that can be taken by other
researchers to further your study. If there were gaps
or limitations set in your study; you may discuss
suggestions you will give to other researchers to
address the gaps and limitations. You may also
provide suggestions for changes in the methodology.
 REFERENCE
Reference is located at the last page of your
research paper which is written in a style format
depending on the requirement of an institution. It
could be in MLA, APA or Chicago style. It lists all
the sources you have used in your research so
readers can easily find what you have cited. This
will serve as a guide for other researchers to look
into the existing studies that you have cited in your
 APPENDIX
Appendices contain all the supplementary
materials used in the research such as the survey
questionnaires, rating scales, mathematical
proofs, and lists of the definition of terms, a
detailed description of an apparatus used in the
research, etc.
 FIGURES
Figures are the tables, charts, and graphs
used to present the summary of the raw data so
that it will be easier for your reader to understand
the findings in the data collected. Take note that
the figures to be used should be logical to the
data being presented and to effectively
communicate your primary findings.
 PLAGIARISM
Plagiarism means that you are using someone else’s
work and presenting it as your own. In academic writing
such as research papers, it is considered plagiarism if you
have directly used ideas or information from a source
without indicating or citing the source. It can have severe
penalties for researchers even if it was accidentally done.
To avoid plagiarism, always remember to keep track of
your sources and cite them correctly.