Structured Query Language

M. Y Abdur Rahman
  SQL database computer language designed for the retrieval and
management of data in relational database management systems

 SQL support data manipulation[DML}

Structured  Retrieval of data contained in the database

Query  Insertion of data in to the database

Language
 Modification of data stored in the database
 Deletion of the data from the database
 Other than DML, SQL has DCL DDL
  DDL – Data Definition Language (create, drop, alter, truncate, comment,
SQL | DDL, rename)

DQL, DML  DQl – Data Query Language (select)

and DCL  DML – Data Manipulation Language (insert, update, delete, lock, call

Commands explain plan)

 DCL – Data Control Language (grant, revoke)

  Key: minimal set of attributes that uniquely identifies each tuple in
a relation.
 Candidate key: In a given relation there may be more than one set
of attributes that could be chosen as a key
 Primary key: when one the candidate key is selected as the
relation key it is called the primary.
 Alternative key: other candidate keys which are not selected as
keys the primary key.
 Composite key: a key consisting more than one attribute.

Composite key

Supplier_ID Item_id Item_name Quatity

  Foreign key: Is an attribute or set of attributes in one relation which is a
primary key of another relation.

Primary key

EMP_ID EMP_nam DEPT_NO DEPT_NO Dept

e Name

Foreign key
  Question 01: Create a database name School.
CREATE DATABASE school;
 Question 02: Create a table name student with the following fields
(student id - varchar (30) primary key, student fname - varchar (30),
student lname – varchar (30), student address varchar (30), city
varchar(30), student contact number int (10)).
SQL questions
CREATE TABLE student (student_id varchar (30) NOT NULL primary
key, student_fname varchar (30), student_lname varchar (30),
student_address varchar (30), city varchar(30), student_contact int);
 Question 03: Insert ten rows of data for the table.

insert into student

(student_id,student_fname,student_lname,student_address,city,student_contac
t) values ('st001','lakmal','Perera','no2 first street','Colombo',0771231234),
('st002','Suresh','Kumar','no2 first street','Colombo',0771781234),
('st003','Raj','Laxman','no2 second street','Kandy',0771231984),
('st004','Nipuni','Dinushika','no2 last street','Kalutara',0722231234),
('st005','lahiru','Sampath','no10 first street','Galle',0771671234),
('st006','Sidath','Dananjaya','no22 first street','Kurunagala',0781231234),
('st007','lakmal','Perera','no2 first street','Colombo',0721231234);
 Question 04: Select all the record from the table and display.
SELECT * FROM student;
 Question 05: Select student first name from table student. (5.1. Do the
same with distinct key)

SELECT student_fname FROM student;

SELECT distinct student_fname FROM from student;

Note: Distinct key word can be used to remove duplicate

 Question 06: Select all records of the student id 3.

SELECT * FROM student WHERE student_id = 'st003';

 Question 07: Select record of student address of student id is 4..

SELECT student_address FROM student WHERE student_id = 'st004';

 Question 08: Select record of student first name and student last name
where student id is 3.

SELECT student_fname,student_lname FROM student WHERE student_id =

'st003';
 Question 09: Select student first names between student id 2 to 5.

SELECT student_fname FROM student WHERE student_id BETWEEN 'st002' AND

'st005';

 Question 10 : Select all student last names starting with s%.

SELECT student_lname FROM student WHERE student_lname LIKE 's%';

 Question 11: Select record of student first name and student last name
where student id is 3.

SELECT student_fname, student_lname FROM student WHERE student_id =

'st003';

Note: - based on the position the percentage mark moves begin a% end %a
between %am%
 Question 12: Count the number of students in the table class.

SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT student_id) FROM student;

 Question 13 : Select all records from student where the city = Colombo
and last name = ‘Silva’

SELECT * FROM student WHERE city= 'Colombo' AND student_lname='Silva';

 Question 14: Select records from student table where city is not Kalutara

SELECT * FROM student WHERE NOT city='Kalutara';

 Question 14: Select all records from student where the city = ‘Colombo’
and city = ‘Kalutara’.

SELECT * FROM Student WHERE city='Colombo' or city='Kalutara';

 Question 15 : Select all records from student order by city in ascending order.
15.1 Select all records from student order by last name in descending order.

SELECT * FROM student ORDER BY city ASC;

SELECT * FROM student ORDER BY student_lname DESC;

 Question 16: Update table and change student last name to ‘'Fernando’ where
student id is st007.
UPDATE student SET student_lname='Fernando' WHERE student_id = 'st007';
 Question 17: update table and change student contact number to
‘0774124444’ where the student id is 1.

UPDATE student SET student_contact='0774124444' WHERE student_id = 'st001';

 Question 18 : Add a column called Status to student table

ALTER TABLE student ADD Status varchar(30) ;

 Question 19: Delete the student record of student id st007.

DELETE FROM student WHERE student_id='st007';

 Question 20: alter table drop column status.

ALTER TABLE student DROP COLUMN status;

 Question 21 : Find cities from student with ‘k’ and having 5 characters?
SELECT city FROM student WHERE city LIKE 'K____’;
Note: This is only to show after k there is 4 characters there should not be space in
between the underscore [‘K_ _ _ _ ‘]

 Question 22: Select student name having 2nd characters ‘i’ 4th character ‘u’ and
the character before the last is ‘k’ .

SELECT student_lname FROM student WHERE student_lname LIKE '_i_u%k_';

 Question 23 : Delete all student details of the student id between st003
to st006.

DELETE FROM student WHERE student_id BETWEEN 'st003' AND 'st006';

 Question 24 : Delete all from student.

DELETE FROM student;

Drop TABLE student; to delete the table

  Remove a table from the database (data and table structure)
 Drop table <table>
 Remove all data from the table
 Truncate table <table>
Table manipulation
 Change the name of a table
with SQL
 Rename <table> To <new table>
 Used to list all the field in a table and the data format of each field
 Describe <table>
  SELECT Max(quantity)
SELECT AVG(weight)
FROM part
Aggregate FROM part

values SELECT SUM(quentity)

functions FROM part

WHERE
student_number=”1”
 Question :Find average weight of Loan. [tbl - Loan]

SELECT AVG (weight) FROM Loan;

 Question : find the maximum quantity supplied. [tbl – shipment]

SELECT max(quantity) FROM shipment;

 Question : find the total quantity supplied by supplier 1. [tbl – shipment]

SELECT SUM(quantity) FROM shipment WHERE ship_id='s01';

  END

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E-Fs49rIr7g
 https://www.microsoft.com/en-pk/download/details.aspx?
id=42299