Work and Energy

Most Essential Learning Competencies:

• Calculate the dot or scalar product of vectors

• Determine the work done by a force acting on a
system
• Define work as a scalar or dot product of force and
displacement
• Interpret the work done by a force in one-dimension
as an area under a Force vs Position curve
Most Essential Learning Competencies:

• Relate the gravitational and elastic potential

energies of a system or object to the
configuration of a system
• Explain the properties and the effects of
conservative forces
Most Essential Learning Competencies:

• Solve problems involving work, energy, and

power in contexts such as, but not limited to,
bungee jumping, design of roller-coasters,
number of people required to build structures
such as the Great Pyramids and the rice
terraces; power and energy requirements of
human activities such as sleeping vs. sitting vs.
standing, running vs. walking.
Intended Learning Outcomes

• Resolutely understand, address and resolve issues or

problems by interpreting work associating with forces
and energy by means of explaining properties and
effects to a system for the benefit of their communities.
• Take the risk of experimenting with combinations of
ideas, data, materials, and possibilities to derive and test
potential solutions using the interrelationship of work,
forces and energy to existing problems even at the risk
of criticisms
Affirmation

• I AM A COURAGEOUS, RESOURCEFUL
EXPLORER AND PROBLEM SOLVER,
DEMONSTRATING MY CREATIVITY AND
CHARISM.
 Bible Reading
“Therefore, they are before the throne of God, and serve
him day and night in His temple; and he that sitteth on the
throne shall dwell among them. They shall hunger no
more, neither thirst anymore; neither shall the sun light on
them, nor any HEAT. For the Lamb which is the midst of
the throne shall feed them and shall lead them unto living
fountains of waters: and God shall wipe away all tears
from their eyes.”
Galatians 6:7-8
Processing Questions:
1. What forms of energy are mentioned in the
passage? Give the form of energy and state the
example.
2. Why does every individual aspire for a better
living?
3. As a member of the society, what value will you
instill to become a courageous, resourceful
explorer and problem solver? Explain further
WORK
 WORK
- the product of the force and the distance resulting
from the application of force
- is the amount of force exerted on an object times
the distance the object move
- the application of a force through a distance in the
direction of the force.
 WORK
- is the product of the force and the distance

(Work is done only when a force is applied to a

body and moves it.)
Work = F d
 UNITS OF WORK
 J or Joule – SI unit
 N•m - (1J = 1N•m)
 Erg - CGS System
 dyne•cm - (1erg = 1 dyne•cm)
- ( 1J = 1 x 107 ergs)
 ft•lb – English System
 kW•h – Electrical Applications
 Conditions on Work Done
1. There must be a force applied
2. There must be a distance
3. There must be a component of the force along the
direction of distance.
( the direction of the force and the distance can
never be separated by 90º.
Conditions on Work Done
Carrying a baby Boating
Lifting a box Pulling a wagon
Weightlifting Belly Dancing
 WORK DONE
• If the force and distance are parallel and in the
same direction.
F

d
 WORK DONE
• If the force and distance are parallel but in
opposite directions.

F d
 NO WORK DONE
• If the force and the distance act perpendicular to
each other.

d
Sample Problems:

1. Find the work done in moving a table by a

force of 10 N through a distance of 5m.
2. A 50 kg sack of rice is lifted 2m above the
ground. Compute for the work done.
Practice:
The head of a hammer with a mass of 1.2 kg is allowed
to fall onto a nail from a height of 0.50 m. What is the
maximum amount of work it could do on the nail?
Sample Problems:
1. A 200.0 kg load on frictionless coasters is pushed 5.0
m along a ramp that makes an angle of 70.° to the
ground. How much work was done on the cart?
2. A 70. kg cart is pushed for 50. m with a constant
velocity upon a 45° frictionless incline. Find the work
done on the cart.
Sample Problem (with net work)
A person pulls a 50-kg crate 40 m along a horizontal floor by
a constant force Fp = 100 N, which acts at a 37° angle. The
floor is rough and exerts a friction force Ffr = 50 N.
Determine (a) the work done by each force acting on the
crate, and (b) the net work done on the crate.
Practice (with net work)
A farmer hitches her tractor to a sled loaded with firewood
and pulls it a distance of 20 m along level ground. The
total weight of sled and load is 14,700 N. The tractor exerts
a constant 5000-N force at an angle of 36.9° above the
horizontal. A 3500-N friction force opposes the sled’s
motion. Find the work done by each force acting on the
sled and the total work done by all the forces.
ENERGY
Energy
 Energy
- THE ABILITY TO DO WORK
 Work and Energy
- Energy is the ability to produce a changes in
matter
- Work is evidence of the presence of energy.
- Work is the transfer of energy by mechanical
means.
 Energy
- THE ABILITY TO DO WORK
- Two main forms:
- Kinetic Energy
- Potential Energy
 Kinetic Energy
- The total work done on a body by external forces
is related to the body’s displacement––that is, to
changes in its position. But the total work is also
related to changes in the speed of the body.
Kinetic Energy
Kinetic Energy
 Potential Energy
- energy at rest
- stored energy
- store energy as the result of its position.
 Potential Energy
- Classified into two:
- Gravitational Potential Energy
- Elastic Potential Energy
 Potential Energy
- Gravitational Potential Energy
- The product of the object’s weight and its height above some
reference level.
 Potential Energy
- Gravitational Potential Energy
- The product of the object’s weight and its height above some
reference level.
 Sample Problem
- A 1000-kg roller-coaster car moves from point 1,
to point 2 and then to point 3. (a) What is the
gravitational potential energy at points 2 and 3
relative to point 1? (b) What is the change in
potential energy when the car goes from point 2 to
point 3?
Sample Problem
 Potential Energy
- Elastic Potential Energy
- the energy stored in elastic materials as the result of their
stretching or compressing.
 Conservative Forces
- The work done against gravity in moving an object
from one point to another does not depend on the
path taken.
- Conservative Forces
- Forces for which the work done does not depend on the path taken,
but only on the initial and final positions.
 Conservation of Energy
- Mechanical Energy
- Energy acquired by objects upon which work is done.
- the energy that is possessed by an object due to its motion or
due to its position.
Conservation of Energy
Conservation of Energy
 Conservation of Energy
- Energy is transformed from one form to another;
energy is neither created nor destroyed, and thus,
energy has always existed from one form to
another.
- The total amount of mechanical energy, in a closed
system in the absence of dissipative forces (e.g.
friction, air resistance), remains constant.
Conservation of Energy
 Sample Problem
- During a flood, a tree trunk of mass 100 kg falls
down a waterfall. The waterfall is 5 m high.
Ignoring air resistance, calculate:
- the potential energy of the tree trunk at the top of the
waterfall.
- the kinetic energy of the tree trunk at the bottom of the
waterfall.
- the magnitude of the velocity of the tree trunk at the bottom
of the waterfall.
 Practice
- If the initial height of the rock is 3.0 m, calculate
the rock’s velocity when it has fallen to 1.0 m
above the ground.