INTRODUCTION

• What comes first in your mind when we speak about logic? Do you
have any idea what logic is all about? Could we say that if a person
thinks correctly, then he has logic? Perhaps until now, there are
some people arguing whether a logic is an art or it is a science.
Now, whether it is an art or a science, studying logic could be very
important not only in the field of mathematics but in other sciences
such as natural science and social science. Now, we will be
studying the fundamental concept of logic but basically logic as
mathematical language.
 LOGIC
& FORMALITY
 LOGIC
• It could define as the study of the principles of correct reasoning
and it is not a psychology of reasoning.
• Determine the validity of one’s argument.
• The proof of the theorem uses the principle of arguments in
logic.
• In this case, we could say actually that the language of
mathematics is logic.
EXAMPLES OF LOGICAL STATEMENTS
1. Baler is the capital of Aurora. (FACT) – it is a STATEMENT.
2. This is a nice car. (NOT) – it is an OPINION – (INFORMAL)
3. Right triangle is a type of triangle that has one angle that
measures 90°. (FACT) – it is a STATEMENT.
4. Is the test today? (NOT) – it is a QUESTION.
5. Go get the newspaper. (NOT) – it is a COMMAND.
 FORMALITY
 An expression is completely formal when it is context
independent and precise.
 It represents a clear distinction which is invariant under
changes of context.
 In mathematical logics we formalize, that is, we formulate
in a precise mathematical way its definition, theorems,
lemma, conjectures, corollary, and propositions.
Formal Logic
- The study of propositions, statements, or assertively used sentences and
of deductive arguments.
Examples:
1. An odd number raised to a third power is always an odd number.
2. An acute triangle is a triangle that all indicated angles is less than 90
degrees.

Informal Logic
- This is the reasoning and arguments you make in your personal
changes with others.
Examples:
3. A graph is a sort of illustration.
4. The table appears to be a two-dimensional structure.
 PROPOSITION
• It is a declarative statement that is true or false but not
both.
• The truth or falsity of a statement is called its truth values.
• Letters are commonly used to denote propositional
variables such as p, q, r, and s.
• Ex: The sun is the center of the solar system.
TYPES OF PROPOSITION
A proposition is called simple if it contains only
one idea.
• Ex:1. The sun is the center of the solar
system.
• Ex:2. Heart Evangelista is the wife of Sen.
Chiz Escudero.
TYPES OF PROPOSITION
A proposition is called compound if it is composed of at
least two simple propositions joined by logical connectives.
• Ex:1. If the book will arrive on Thursday, they will be distributed to
the students on Friday.
• Ex:2. Pres. Duterte is the 16th president while Vice Pres. Robredo is
either the 12th or the 14th vice president of the Republic of the
Philippines.
Truth Table
• Provides a method for mapping out the possible truth values in an
expression and to determine their outcomes.
• Includes a column for each variable in the expression and a row for
each possible combination of truth values.
• Also includes a column that shows the outcome of each set of values.
EXAMPLE:

T T F F T T T T
T F F T F T F F
F T T F F T T F
F F T T F F T T
 BASIC LOGICAL CONNECTIVES
OPERATOR MEANING SYMBOLIC READ AS:
FORM
Negation Not “”

Conjunction And “”

Disjunction Or “

Conditional If…then… “If ”

Biconditional If and only if

 Basic Logical Connectives
1.Negation
- p is denoted , which () is the symbol for “not”. If p is true, is false.
Meaning, that the truth value of the negation of a proposition is always
the reverse of the truth value of the original proposition.
• Ex1: Roderick attends Mathematics class.
: Roderick will not attend Mathematics class.
• Ex2: I’m not an engineer.
: I am an engineer
Property 1: If is true, is false. Meaning, that the truth value of the
negation of a proposition is always the reverse of the truth value of
the original proposition.

Examples:
a. Truth
Table:
b. Sofia is a girl.
c. Achaia is not here. T F

Answer F T

d. Sofia is not a girl.

e. Achaia is here.
 Basic Logical Connectives
2. Conjunction
- If two statements are combined by the word “and”, then the
proposition is called conjunction.
- . Symbolically, , where is the symbol for “and.”
• Ex: : John eats rice.
: Maria drinks soda.
: John eats rice, and Maria drinks soda.
Property 2: If is true and is true, then is true; otherwise is false. Meaning,
that the conjunction of two proposition is true only if each proposition is true.

Examples:
a. and man is a mammal.
b. Manny Pacquiao is a boxing champion and Gloria Macapagal Arroyo is
the first female Philippine President.
c. Abraham Lincoln is a former US President, and the Philippine Senate
is composed of 24 senators.

Answers:
d. is false while “man is a mammal” is true, therefore the conjunction of
the compound proposition is false.
b. “Manny Pacquiao is a boxing champion” is true while “Gloria Macapagal
Arroyo is the first female Philippine President.” is false, therefore the
conjunction of the compound proposition is false.
c. “Abraham Lincoln is a former US President” is true and “Philippine Senate
is composed of 24 senators.” is true, therefore the conjunction of the
compound proposition is true.

Truth Table:

T T T
T F F
F T F
F F F
 Basic Logical Connectives
3. Disjunction
- Any two statements can be combined by the word “or” to form a new
statement which is called the disjunction of the original two statements.
- . Symbolically, , where is the symbol for “or.”
• Ex: : Life is beautiful.
: Life is challenging.
: Life is beautiful or challenging.
Property 3: If is true or q is true or if both p and q are true, then is true;
otherwise, is false. Meaning, that the disjunction of two propositions is false
only if each proposition is false.

Examples:
a. or Manny Pacquiao is a boxing champion.
b. Philippine Senate is composed of 24 senators or Gloria Macapagal
Arroyo is the first female Philippine President.
c. Abraham Lincoln is a former US President or man is a mammal.

Answers:
d. The first statement is true while the second statement is also true,
therefore the disjunction of the compound proposition is true.
e. The first statement is true while the second statement is false, therefore
the disjunction of the compound proposition is true.
c. Both statements are true, hence the disjunction of the compound
proposition is true.

NOTE: The disjunction of the compound proposition is false if both

given statements is false.

Truth Table:

T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F
 Basic Logical Connectives
4. Conditional
- It is expressed by “if-then” statement.
- The first statement would be a premise and the second statement is
the conclusion.
- (or implication). . Symbolically, , where is the symbol for “if-then.”
• Ex: : n is a negative integer.
: is a positive integer.
: If n is a negative integer, then is a positive integer.
Property 4: The conditional proposition is false only when p is true and q is
false; otherwise is true. Meaning, states that a true proposition cannot imply
a false proposition.

Examples:
a. If vinegar is sweet, then sugar is sour.
b. is a sufficient condition for
c. is a necessary condition that

Answers:
d. Since the propositions “vinegar is sweet” and the “sugar is sour” are
both false, therefore the conditional of the compound proposition is
true. Hence, if both statements are true or false, then the compound
proposition is true.
b. ” is true and is false, therefore the conditional of the compound proposition
is false. Hence, if p statement is true and q statement is false, therefore it is
false.

c. is false while is true, therefore the conditional of the compound proposition

is true. Hence, if p statement is false and q statement is true, therefore it is
true.

Truth Table:
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T
 Basic Logical Connectives
5. Biconditional
- It uses connector for two statements “if and only if”.
- . Symbolically, , where is the symbol for “if and only if”.
• Ex: : I will attend mass.
: Tomorrow is Sunday.
: I will attend mass if and only if tomorrow is Sunday.
Property 5: If p and q are true or both false, then is true; if p and q have
opposite truth values, then is false.

Examples:
a. if and only if
b. Manila is the capital city of the Philippines is equivalent to fish living on
the moon.
c. is a necessary and sufficient

Answers:
d. ” and ” are both true, therefore the conditional of the compound
proposition is true.
e. “Manila is the capital city of the Philippines” is true while “fish living on
the moon” is false, thus the conditional of the compound proposition is
false.
c. “” and “ are both false, therefore the conditional of the compound
proposition is true. Hence, if both p and q statements are true or false, the
proposition is true. But if p statement is true and q statement is false or the p
statement is false and q statement is true, therefore the proposition is false.

Truth Table:

T T T
T F F
F T F
F F T
ASSIGNMENT
Self-Learning Activity
A. Given the statement below, complete each statement using the connectives
that will be state.
ASSIGNMENT
B. Complete the Truth Table.

T T
T F
T F
F F
SEATWORK
A. 1. Given the statement below, complete each statement using the connectives
that will be state.
.
.

2. Translate the statements into logical expressions.

1. Dinner includes salad or vegetables.
2. Dinner includes soup and vegetables.
SEATWORK

B. Complete the Truth Table.

T T
F T
T F
F F