Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence

CHAPTER THREE
Artificial Intelligence
Objectives
Explain what artificial intelligence (AI) is.
Explain the types and approaches of AI
Describe the applications of AI in health, agriculture, business
and education
List the factors that influenced the advancement of AI in
recent years
Understand the relationship between the human’s way of
thinking and AI systems
Identify AI research focus areas
Identify real-world AI applications, some platforms, and tools
Artificial Intelligence
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
 Artificial Intelligence is composed of two words
Artificial & Intelligence.
 Artificial defines "man-made,"
 Intelligence defines "thinking power“ or “the
ability to learn and solve problems”
 Artificial Intelligence is “man-made thinking power”
So, we can create intelligent machines which can
 Behave like a human
 Think like humans and
 Able to make decisions
Artificial Intelligence
Cont ..
 Intelligence, as we know, is the ability to acquire and
apply knowledge.
 Knowledge is the information acquired through
experience.
 Experience is the knowledge gained through exposure
(training).
 Therefore, artificial intelligence as the “copy of something
natural (i.e., human beings) ‘WHO’ is capable of
acquiring and applying the information it has gained
through exposure.”
Artificial Intelligence
Cont ..
 Artificial Intelligence exists when a machine can have
human-based skills such as learning, reasoning, and solving
problems with Artificial Intelligence.
 With Artificial Intelligence you do not need to preprogram
a machine to do some work, despite that you can create a
machine with programmed algorithms which can work with
own intelligence.
 Intelligence is composed of:
➢ Reasoning
➢ Learning
➢ Problem Solving
➢ Perception(Awareness)
➢ Linguistic Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence
Cont ..
 An Artificial Intelligence system is composed of
 Agent & its Environment
 An agent (e.g., human or robot) is anything that can
perceive (observe/see/notice) its environment through
sensors and acts upon that environment through effectors.
 Intelligent agents must be able to set goals and achieve
them.
 Machine perception is the ability to use input from
sensors (such as cameras, microphones, sensors, etc.) to
realize aspects of the world. e.g., Computer Vision
 ,.
Artificial Intelligence
Cont ..

Figure: Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL)
Artificial Intelligence
Cont ..

 Artificial Intelligence: A technique that enables the

machine to mimic human behavior
 Machine Learning (ML) A technique to achive AI through
algorithm trained with data
 ML is an advanced form of AI where the machine can
learn as it goes rather than having every action
programmed by humans.
 The field of Neural networks with several hidden layers
is called deep learning.
 ,
Artificial Intelligence
Cont ..
 Deep learning (evolution of machine learning). A
machine learning types inspired by the structure of human
brain that learns features and tasks directly from the data.
 It uses a programmable neural network that enables
machines to make accurate decisions without help from
humans.
 Some limitation of deep learning
 Require large data to train
 Take longer time to train
 Require GPU to train
..
Artificial Intelligence
Cont ..
Examples of AI include:
 Autonomous vehicles (drones and self-driving cars)
 Medical diagnosis AI tools (Cancer diagnosis),
 Creating art (such as poetry/Poem(Eg. Ai-Da robot))
 Proving mathematical theorems
 Playing games (such as chess)
 Search engines (such as google to rank documents)
 Online assistants (such as Siri(call, send message, open app etc..))
 Image recognition in photographs
 Spam filtering
 Prediction of judicial decisions
 Targeting online advertisements
Artificial Intelligence
Need for Artificial Intelligence

 To create expert systems that exhibit intelligent

behavior with the capability to learn,
demonstrate, explain and advice its users.
 Helping machines find solutions to complex
problems like humans do and applying them as
algorithms in a computer-friendly manner.
Artificial Intelligence

Main goals of Artificial Intelligence:

Replicate human intelligence

Solve Knowledge-intensive tasks
Creating some system which can exhibit intelligent
behavior, learn new things by itself, demonstrate, explain,
and can advise to its user.
An intelligent connection of perception and action
Building a machine which can perform tasks that requires
human intelligence such as:
Playing game
Plan some surgical operation
Driving a car in traffic
Artificial Intelligence
What Comprises to Artificial Intelligence?
Intelligence is an intangible part of our brain which is a
combination of Reasoning, learning, problem-solving,
perception, language understanding, etc.
To achieve the above factors for a machine or software
Artificial Intelligence requires different disciplines shown in
the figure:
 Advantages of AI
➢ High Accuracy with fewer errors: AI machines or systems are
prone to fewer errors and high accuracy as it takes decisions as per
pre-experience or information.
➢ High-Speed: AI systems can be of very high-speed and fast-
decision making, because of that AI systems can beat a chess
champion in the Chess game.
➢ High reliability: AI machines are highly reliable and can
perform the same action multiple times with high accuracy (can’t
commit corruption).
➢ Useful for risky areas: AI machines can be helpful in situations such as
defusing a bomb, exploring the ocean floor, where to employ a human can be
risky.
➢ Digital Assistant: AI can be very useful to provide digital assistant to users
➢ Useful as a public utility: AI can be very useful for public utilities like facial for
security, self driving cars for safety, LNP for spelling checker and translation….etc
14
Artificial Intelligence
Disadvantages of AI
High Cost: The hardware and software requirement of AI is very
costly.
Can't think out of the box(no more-no less): Machines cannot
work out of the box, as the robot will only do that work for which they
are trained, or programmed.
No feelings and emotions: does not have the feeling and may
sometime be harmful for users if the proper care is not taken.
Increase dependence on machines: With the increment of
technology, people are getting more dependent on devices and hence
they are losing their mental capabilities.
No Original Creativity: As humans are so creative and can imagine
some new ideas but still AI machines cannot beat this power of human
intelligence and cannot be creative and imaginative.
Artificial Intelligence
History of AI : Reading Assignment
Artificial Intelligence
Levels of AI
Artificial Intelligence
Levels of AI
There are 7 main levels of AI
Stage 1 Rule-Based Systems:
works by human-coded rules & its decision (pre defined
rules & guidelines)
It used rules to store and manipulate data.
Example Robotic Process Automation and aircraft autopilots.
Stage 2 Context Awareness and Retention:
•Machines can understand and react contextually with human.
•Works by learning or trained on the knowledge and experience of
the best humans, and their knowledge base can be updated as new
situations and queries arise. Example chatbots for customer
assistance(chat with text).
Artificial Intelligence
Cont ..
Stage 3 Domain-Specific Expertise:
AI systems developed for a specific complex task.
Build up using massive volumes of information
They can use for decision making purpose.
Example . cancer diagnosis, IBM deep blue
Stage 4 Reasoning Machines:
They have a “theory of mind” they have a sense of beliefs, intentions,
knowledge, and how their own logic works.
They could debate or negotiate with humans and other machines.
They can understand how their internal system is works.
At the moment these algorithms are still in development. Not
produced use yet
Artificial Intelligence
Cont ..
Stage 5 Self Aware Systems
Also known as Artificial General Intelligence(AGI):
These systems proposed to have full human like intelligence, but it is
not developed still now. Some believes in 2024.
Stage 6 – Artificial Super intelligence (ASI):
These are to outsmart or more talented than human in every domain.
They can solve big problems that couldn’t solve yet.
It expected to produce in 2029.
Artificial Intelligence
Cont ..
Stage 7 Singularity and Transcendence:(In the future 2045)
These AI is supposed to connect the minds of humans each other
and be like the human internet.
Even to give others access to our dreams. Make a connection
between humans with animals, plants etc.
These AI system is beyond human imagination,
“if these stage is own, it will be the end of human race.” (stephen
hawking )
The seven levels of AI maturity
Artificial Intelligence
Types of AI
AI can be divided into various types there are mainly two types of
the main categorization which are Based on
I.Capabilities (type 1)
II. Functionally of AI(type 2)
Artificial Intelligence
Based on Capabilities
Weak AI or Narrow AI
 Is able to perform a dedicated task with intelligence
 Narrow AI cannot perform beyond its field or limitations, as it is
only trained for one specific task.
 Can fail in unpredictable ways if it goes beyond its limits.
 Most common and currently available AI
Examples narrow AI
 Apple Siri
 Google translate
 playing chess
 self-driving cars
 Amazon Alexa
 speech recognition, and image recognition
Artificial Intelligence
Based on Capabilities
General AI
It could perform any intellectual task with efficiency like a
human & think like a Huma on its own.
It is still under research & expected within the next 20 years
Super AI
Machines could surpass human intelligence, and can perform
any task better than a human with cognitive properties.
This refers to aspects like problem solving and
creativity( include the ability to think, to reason, make
judgments, plan, learn, and communicate on its own)
It is still a hypothetical concept of AI
Artificial Intelligence
Based on the functionality
Reactive Machines (exist today)
Such AI systems do not store memories or past experiences for
future actions.
These machines only focus on current scenarios and react on it
as per possible best action. E.g., IBM's Deep Blue and Google's
AlphaGo
Limited Memory(exist today)
It can store past experiences or some data for a short period of
time. E.g., Self-driving cars
These cars can store the recent speed of nearby cars, the
distance of other cars, & speed limits to navigate the road
Artificial Intelligence
Based on the functionality
Theory of Mind(doesn’t exist today)
It should understand human emotions, beliefs, and be able to
interact socially like humans.
This type of AI machines is still not developed, but
researchers are making lots of efforts and improvement for
developing such AI machines
Self-Awareness(doesn’t exist today)
These machines will be super intelligent and will have their
own consciousness, sentiments, and self-awareness.
These machines will be smarter than the human mind.
It is a hypothetical concept.
Artificial Intelligence
How humans think?
The goal of many researchers is to create strong and general AI
that learns like a human and can solve general problems as the
human brain does
Intelligence is composed of three main stages:
Observe and input the information or data in the brain.
Interpret and evaluate the input that is received from the
surrounding environment.
Make decisions as a reaction towards what you received as
input and interpreted and evaluated.
AI researchers are simulating the same stages in building AI
systems or models. This process represents the main three
layers or components of AI systems.
Artificial Intelligence
Three layers of AI systems
The sensing layer
Perceives information from the surrounding environment.
This information is specific to the AI application
E.g. sensing agents such as voice recognition for sensing voice
and visual imaging.
The interpretation layer
Reasoning and thinking about the gathered input that
is acquired by the sensing layer & recognition for sensing images
is done.
The interacting layer
It performs the necessary tasks like robotic movement control
and speech generation.
Artificial Intelligence
Influencers of AI

Influential factors that accelerate the rise of AI

Big data
Big data requires innovative forms of information processing
to draw insights, automate processes, and help decision making
Big data can be structured or unstructured or semi-structured
Cloud computing and APIs
Describes the delivery of on-demand services, usually
through the internet, on a pay-per-use basis.
APIs enable software components to communicate with each
other easily (Enable companies in the AI market to deliver
their services on the internet over cloud platforms)
Artificial Intelligence
Cont ..
The emergence of data science
The goal is to extract knowledge or insights from data in
various forms, either structured or unstructured, which is like
data mining.
Uses machine learning and AI to process big data.
Advancements in computer processing speed and new chip
architectures
 This approach determines the speed with which data is
processed.
Large manufacturers of computer chips such as IBM and
Intel are prototyping “brain-like” chips whose architecture is
configured to mimic the biological brain’s network of neurons
and the connections between them called synapses.
Artificial Intelligence
Applications of AI
Artificial Intelligence
Applications of AI
AI in agriculture
AI in agriculture is very useful for farmers
It helps to detect disease in plants, pests and poor nutrition
Agriculture is applying AI as agriculture robotics, solid and
crop monitoring, predictive analysis for purpose of increasing
the productivity farmed lands.
Artificial Intelligence
Applications of AI
AI in Healthcare
Health care industries are applying AI to make a better and faster
diagnoses than humans.
AI- assisted robotic surgery
It also helps in medical industries for drug discovery
Artificial Intelligence
Applications of AI
AI in education
AI chatbot can communicate with students as a teaching assistant.
AI in the future can be work as a personal virtual tutor for students,
which will be accessible easily at any time & any place.
It also helps to generate and update the content of the lesson, keeping
the information up to date and customizing it for different learning
curves.
Artificial Intelligence
Applications of AI
AI in Finance and E-commerce
AI is providing a competitive edge to the e-commerce industry,
and it is becoming more demanding in the e-commerce business.
AI is helping shoppers to discover associated products with
recommended size, colour, or even brand
Predictive marketing and sales
Automated responders and online customer support
Artificial Intelligence
Applications of AI
AI in Gaming
The AI machines can play strategic games like chess, where
the machine needs to think of a large number of possible places
Allowing game developers to come up with innovative
techniques such us reinforcement learning
Allows to the player to create own unique styles to crate a
more rewarding playing experience.
Artificial Intelligence
Applications of AI
AI in Data Security
AI can be used to make your data more safe and secure.
Determine software bugs and cyber-attacks in a better way
AI spam filters by scanning each incoming message and label
any objectionable content
AI in Social Media
AI can organize and manage massive amounts of data.
AI can analyse lots of data to identify the latest trends, hashtags,
and requirements of different users.
It helps for users improve the security of their social media
account, and also authentication pattern detection etc.
Example Facebook, Twitter, YouTube etc.
Artificial Intelligence
Applications of AI
AI in Travel &Transport
AI is capable of doing various travel related works such as from
making travel arrangements to suggesting the hotels, flights, and
best routes to the customers online.
AI in the Automotive Industry
Some Automotive industries are using AI to provide virtual
assistants to their use for better performance.
Various Industries are currently working for developing self-
driven cars which can make your journey more safe and secure.
E.g., TeslaBot
Artificial Intelligence
Applications of AI
AI in Robotics
With the help of AI, we can create intelligent robots which can
perform tasks with their own experiences without pre-
programmed.
E.g., Humanoid robot named Erica and Sophia has been
developed which can talk and behave like humans.
AI in Entertainment
With the help of ML/AI algorithms, these services show the
recommendations for programs or shows. E.g. Netflix or
Amazon.
Artificial Intelligence
Applications of AI

Sophia
Artificial Intelligence
AI tools and platforms
 Automating processes involving employing AI platforms that
can support the digitalization process and deliver the same or
better results than human beings would have achieved
 AI platforms are defined as some sort of hardware architecture
or software framework (including application frameworks),
that allows the software to run.
 The platform simulates the cognitive function that human
minds perform such as problem-solving, learning, reasoning,
social intelligence as well as general intelligence. E.g.,
Microsoft AZURE Machine Learning, IBM Watson, TensorFlow, ..etc
 AI platforms provide users a tool kit to build intelligent
applications.
Artificial Intelligence
Cont ..
AI has developed a large number of tools to solve the most
difficult problems in computer science, like:
Search and optimization
 Logic
 Probabilistic methods for uncertain reasoning
 Classifiers and statistical learning methods
 Neural networks
 Control theory
 Languages
Artificial Intelligence
Sample AI application
I. Commuting(travel)
Google’s AI-Powered Predictions
Ridesharing Apps Like Uber and Lyft
Commercial Flights Use an AI Autopilot
II. Email
Spam Filters
Smart Email Categorization
III. Social Networking
Facebook - When you upload photos to Facebook, the service
automatically highlights faces and suggests friends tag.
Instagram, Snapchat, & Pinterest.
Artificial Intelligence
Cont ..
IV. Online Shopping
Search - Your Amazon searches (“ironing board”, “pizza
stone”, “Android charger”, etc.) quickly return a list of
the most relevant products related to your search
Recommendations
V. Mobile Use
 Voice-to-Text
 Smart Personal Assistants (e.g., Siri and Google Now)
 Microsoft has followed suit with Cortana, its own
AI assistant that comes preloaded on Windows
computers and Microsoft smartphones.
Artificial Intelligence

End Of Chapter Three