FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM

REPORT BY: ANJO V. CATALAN

* Contents:
* Introduction
* Sources of fire hazards
* Causes
* Types of fire
* Fire protection and prevention
* Detection of fire hazards
* Fire fighting equipment's
* Fire extinguisher and its types

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 INTRODUCTION
Fire:
• The self-sustaining process of rapid oxidation of a fuel which produces heat and
light.
• Fire is an exothermic chemical reaction between oxygen and fuel at
certain temperature.

FIRE SIGNS

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 FIRE TRIANGLE
• There are four elements that must be present for a fire to exist.
• There must be oxygen to sustain combustion, heat to raise the material to its
ignition temperature, fuel to support the combustion and a chemical reaction
between the other three elements.
• Remove any one of the four elements to extinguish the fire.
• The concept of fire protection is based upon keeping these four elements
separate.

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 S O U RC E S O F FI RE HAZARDS
 Solid fuels: wood, fabrics, synthetic materials, papers, packaging materials
etc.
 Liquid fuels:
1. Flammable liquid : ex: nitro phenol, ammonium nitrate, potassium chlorate,
paint & oil soaked rags, cotton or cellulose soaked with sulphuric acid etc.
2. Heat utilization equipment's
3. Chemical process equipment's
4. Lighting
5. Self combustible chemicals
6.
7. Oven & furnace
Reactors 5
 C AU S E S

 Improper storage of flammable oils, grease & fluids, combustible wastes

etc.
 Smoking by employees
 Defective heating equipment, electrical equipment & wiring.
 Explosive gas leakage
 Ignition of gas vapours or combustible dust
 Inadequate of electric motors
 Sparking in electric wires and equipment 6
Types of Fires:

 Class A - Ordinary materials such as paper, wood, cloth

 Class B - Flammable liquids or Combustible liquids such as gasoline, paint,

propane, kerosene

 Class C - Electrical equipment fires, appliances, switches, panels

 Class D - Certain metals such as magnesium, sodium, potassium, titanium,

and aluminium.
 Class K - Fires involving commercial cooking appliances with vegetable
oils, animal oils or fats at high temperatures. 7
 Fire Protection and Prevention

 Fire includes procedures for preventing, detecting, and

protection
extinguishing fire.
 The procedures in these three areas of fire prevention aim to
protect
employees and property and to assure the continuity of a plant’s operations.

 To accomplish these goals, it is necessary to develop a plant wide

fire protection program

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 Inspections
 Set up a system of periodic fire inspections for every operation. Some buildings, operations,
and processes require daily inspection, while others can be inspected weekly, monthly, or
at other intervals.
 Buildings that are well designed and provided with protective devices and construction
elements intended to act as fire safety features still need a periodic, detailed
inspection program.
 In some establishments or plants, the safety and health committee locates and reports fire
hazards.
 In large plants, this job is handled by a special subcommittee of the safety committee or by a
person trained to manage fire risk.
 The inspector, fire chief, or other individual from the plant who is in charge of fire
prevention and fire protection should establish inspection schedules, determine
the direction-finding of reports, and have a complete list of all items to be inspected.

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 Inspection of fire equipment should cover the following items:
o control valves on piping that supplies water for fire protection
o hydrants
o fire pumps
o hose houses and associated equipment
o sprinkler system water supplies including tanks
o automatic sprinkler systems
o special type of protection
o portable fire extinguishers
o fire doors, exits
o alarm and communication systems and routines
o communication to fire department

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 DETECTION O F FIRE HAZARDS

Many automatic fire detection systems are used today in industry.

Some include
 Thermal expansion detectors,
 Heat sensitive insulation,
 Photoelectric fires,
 Ionization or radiation sensors and
 Ultraviolet or I .R detectors.
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These sound an alarm through which fire flames are detected
 PREVENTION O F FIRE HAZARDS

 Well planned design and layout

 Proper ventilated systems
 Chemical data sheets
 Proper training of personnel
 Proper maintenance of surroundings
 use of fire extinguishers, alarms ,sensors, detectors
 Fire fighting equipment
 Sprinkler systems 12
 Fire-resistant
construction
FIRE SAFETY Smoke
controls Vertical
openings
DESIGN Lengthof
travel Adequate
lighting

Meansof Coordination
egress with fire
department

Exit
enclosure Vertical
s transportation

Compliance
with code Coordinationwith
requirements mechanical and
for specificuse electrical system
groups 13
 FIRE FIGHTING EQUIPMENT'S
• Standpipe and hose systems
• Fire alarm
• Sprinklers
• Fire Extinguisher
1. Water
2. Carbon dioxide
3. ABC dry powder
4. Dry powder
5. Foam Based extinguisher
6. Clean agent fire extinguisher 14

7. Other extinguisher
 STANDPIPE AND HOSE SYSTEMS

• Standpipe systems consist of piping, valves, hose connections,

and nozzles to provide streams of water for fire
suppression.

I. Wet system
II. Dry system
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I. WET S YST E M

• A "wet" standpipe is filled with water and is pressurized at all times.

• Whenever the system is activated, water will charge into the connected hose
immediately.
• Wet standpipes can be used by building occupants.

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II. DRY SYST E M

• A “Dry” standpipe is NOT filled with water.
• The intakes of dry standpipes are usually located near a road or driveway so that a
fire engine can supply water to the system.
• This system can be used only by firefighters.
• Regulations in many countries require that standpipe systems be charged by hoses
from two
different pump trucks, which can be accomplished by using both sides of a Siamese
connection.

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 FIRE
ALARM
• It is a set of equipment working together to detect and alert people through visual and
audio appliances when smoke or fire is present
• Active from smoke, heat detector, water flow sensors which are automatic or
from manual fire alarm pull station
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AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER SYSTEMS

• Automatic sprinkler systems are integrated fire suppression systems consisting of a
water supply and a network of pipes, sprinkler heads, and other components to provide
fire
automatic
suppression in areas of
abuilding.
• This system is the most effective for suppressing a Class A fires in buildings
combustible materials, such as wood, paper, and plastics.
containing
• The design and installation of the system are strictly regulated by insurance companies
ordinary
and in accordance with fire codes.
 SPRINKLERS
• The major component of an automatic sprinkler system is the sprinkler, which
discharge
water in specific pattern for extinguishing or controllinga fire.

• Asprinkler head consists of three major components:

1. Nozzle
2. Detector: Fusible link type / Frangible bulb type
3. Water spray pattern deflector

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 D E T EC TO RS
FUSIBLE LINK TYPE: FRANGIBLE BULB TYPE:
• The fusible link type of heat detector • The frangible bulb type of
is constructed of a “eutectic alloy” detector contains a glass bulb partially
which melt at a specific temperature filled with a liquid that expands with
rather than gradually softening. When temperature. At the rated temperature,
the link temperature reaches its the liquid will shatter the bulb and
melting point, the link is pulled open the nozzle.
apart by the water pressure and opens
nozzle.

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 TYPES O F SPRINKLERS

 WETPIPE SYSTEM:  DRYPIPE SYSTEM:

• Wet-pipe sprinkler systems employ automatic • Dry-pipe sprinkler systems employ
sprinklers attached to a piping system automatic sprinkler attached to a
containing water and connected to a water piping system containing air or
supply so that water discharges immediately nitrogen
from sprinklers opened by a fire. • When sprinklers are open by a fire, the gas
• This type is most reliable and simple. is released and the dry pipe valve is open
• Only those sprinklers which have been by the water pressure. The water then flows
operated by heat over the fire will discharge into the piping system and discharges only
water. from those
by heat oversprinklers
the fire. which have been
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 F I R E EXTINGUISHER

• A Fire extinguisher is a device which can be used to

control a fire. Fire extinguishers can help remove the fire,
and may stop it from burning.

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THINGS TO R E M E M B E R B E FO R E INSTALLATION
O F F I R E EXTINGUISHERS.

• Brass Valve Chrome Plated Heavy duty

• BIS Approved
• CE Certified.
• Maintenance should be done as per IS 2190:2010
• Must Check the color band according to need.
• Extinguisher/ Equipments must be according to guidelines
given by concerned disaster authority.
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TYPES O F FI RE EXTINGUISHERS

1. Water
2. Carbon dioxide
3. ABC type dry powder
4. Dry powder
5. Foam based extinguisher
6. Clean agent Fire extinguisher
7. Other extinguishers 25
 1. Water
• Water extinguishers are for Class A fires only.
• Extinguish effect: water extinguishes by absorbing the heat and so cooling the fire.
It has a greater cooling effect when applied as a fine spray or mist. There is also
some smothering effect from the steam generated by the application of a fine spray
or mist. Sprays may have surfactants added (these reduce surface tension and assist
in forming a uniform distribution) to aid the penetration.
• Limitations: do not use on fires involving liquid (oils, paints, cleaning fluids,
etc.) or Can not be used on electrical fires.
• The discharge stream could spread the flammable liquid in a Class B fire or
could create a shock hazard on a Class C fire.
• Color Band- Red
• Easy and No Maintenance and Service.
• Used in- Schools ,Theaters, Apartments, Office, Textile /
Wood Industry, 26

Warehouses
 2.CARBON DIOXIDE

• Carbon dioxide can be used on Class B & C fires.

• They are usually ineffective on Class A fires.
• Color Band- Black
• Features- Colorless, Odorless
• Used in -Rail Yards / Warehouses Construction
Sites,Airports,Electrical Substation, Power Sector.

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 3.A B C TYPE DRY POWDER

• ABC or multi-purpose extinguishers comprise of a special

fluidized and siliconized mono ammonium phosphate dry
chemical
• It is use for class A fires and breaks the chain reaction of class B
fires
• Easy and more economical to maintain and service
• Used in- homes, offices,
buildings, warehouses,
cinema halls.
• Color band- blue
• Capacity-1-9kg
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 4.DRY POWDER

• Dry Chemical powder extinguishers utilize

a specially siliconized Sodium
Bicarbonate.
• It insulates class B , C fires by forming a cloud and cutting
offthe oxygen supply.
• Used in- Homes, Offices, Buildings,
Warehouses,Pump Room, Refinery
• Color band- Blue
• Capacity- 4kg-9kg

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 5.FOAM BASED EXTINGUISHER
• Foam has the ability to form an aqueous film which quickly over
water- insoluble hydrocarbon fuel surfaces causing rapid fire
extinguishment and vapour suppression for class B fires.
• Also it provides excellent penetrating and wetting qualities when used
on class A fires.
• Foam extinguishers are ideal for fires involving volatile liquids and
freely
burning materials such as lubricant, oil fires, paper, cloth, wood, etc.
• Only for fighting class A and B fire.
• Easy and Maintenance and Service.
• Do not use on electrical fires.
• Used in-Paints, Lubricants, Chemical Industry, Oil
Fire/Refinery, Kitchen/Restaurant, Boiler Room.
• Color Band- Yellow
 6.CLEAN AGENT F I R E EXTINGUISHER
• CLEAN AGENT replaces Halon 1211 as the agent-of-choice for
applications where the agent must be clean, electrically
nonconductive, environment-friendly, extremely low in toxicity
and exceptionally effective.
• Suitable for Class A, B and C fires.
• Low Global Warming Potential.
• Low Ozone Depletion Potential.
• Short Atmospheric Lifetime
• Useful for- Computer Rooms / Laboratories, Essential
Communication Area, Server-data Room / Tele-
communications, Aerospace- Warehouse, Hospitals - Medical
Equipment's,
• Sensitive Expensive Equipment. 31

• Color Band- Green

 7.OTHER F I R E EXTINGUISHER

• Sand Bucket
• Water Bucket

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