RESEARCH PROPOSAL

On the other hand, IMRaD paper contains;

Introduction

Materials

Results

Discussion
INTRODUCTION in
Scientific Research
Report
QUARTER 1 – LESSON #2
 01 | Identify the correct sections
of the Introductions in Scientific
Research Report;
OBJECTIVES !
02 | Distinguish the appropriate
contents for each sub-section and

03 | Share the importance of

research proposal and paper in
everyday life.
 INTRODUCTION

This section leads the reader from a general view to

a specific field of research. It discusses the context
being done by summarizing the background
information, the status and gaps of the topic, the
general purpose of the study, the expected
outcomes of the project, research questions, and
hypotheses.

Introductions in Scientific Research Report

 The Introduction is a “mental road map” that
must satisfy the following questions:

• What was I studying?

• Why was this topic important to investigate?
• What did we know about this topic before
I did this study?
• How will this study advance our knowledge?
 Sub-sections of INTRODUCTION

01 03 05 07
RATIONALE
OF THE
02 HYPOTHESIS 04 SCOPE &
DELIMITATION
06 REVIEW OF
RELATED
LITERATURE
STUDY
STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE DEFINITION
THE PROBLEM OF THE STUDY OF TERMS
RATIONALE
 RATIONALE . 01
It shows the general aspect of the
paper—background of the study, the
current happening or condition of the
topic, and the problem area or gaps in
the present knowledge and the
specific part—the statement of
purpose of the study and the forecast
statement which entails what the
research aims to achieve.
 A well-written Rationale is
essential because first
impression lasts, and you never
get a second good impression.

― Irene M. Pepperberg
There are phases associated with writing the
Rationale:

1. Establish an area to research by

▪ Presenting general statements of the topic
and/or;
▪ Drawing an overview on current research on
the subject and/or;
▪ Highlighting the importance of the topic.
There are phases associated with writing the
Rationale:

2. Identify a research niche (specialized corner of

a scientific field where the proponent has a
potential to conduct research and create
important, new knowledge for a certain period
of time) by:
▪ Opposing an existing belief;
▪ Revealing an existing gap in current research about
the topic.
There are phases associated with writing
the Rationale:

3. Place the research within the research

niche by:
▪ Stating the intent of the study;
▪ Outlining the key details of the study
(expected outcomes and purpose).
Example Rationale:
Example Rationale:
Example Rationale:
Example Rationale:
STATEMENT
OF THE
PROBLEM
 SOP . 02
A problem statement is
a concise and concrete
summary of the
research problem you
seek to address.
 SOP . 02
Steps in Creating SOP
#1 . State the main
problem or core issue.
#2 . State specific problem
or the research question.
 SOP . 02
Steps in Creating SOP
#1 . State the main
problem or core issue.
#2 . State specific problem
or the research question.
HYPOTHESIS
 HYPOTHESIS . 03
A tentative statement
saying what you expect to
find in your research. It’s
not just a random guess
but a prediction based on
existing knowledge.
 HYPOTHESIS . 03
6 Steps in Creating Hypothesis

1. Ask a question.
2. Do some preliminary research.
3. Formulate your hypothesis.
4. Refine your hypothesis.
5. Phrase a hypothesis.
6. Create a Null Hypothesis.
SIGNIFICANCE
OF THE STUDY
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY . 04

It refers to the
contribution(s) to and
impact of the study
on a research field.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY . 04

The significance also

signals who benefits
from the research
findings and how.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY . 04

1. Identify who will benefit

your research.
2. State the
general/specific
benefits of the research
to each stakeholder.
Example
Example
SCOPE &
LIMITATION
 SCOPE & DELIMITATION. 05

The scope details what

your study will explore,
such as the target
population, extent, or
study duration.
Example
SCOPE & DELIMITATION. 05

The Delimitations
are factors and
variables not
included in the
study.
Example
DEFINITION
OF TERMS
 DEFINITION OF TERMS. 05

This is an important part

of Research paper or
report is that in which
the key or important
terms in the study are
clearly defined.
Example
Example
REVIEW OF
RELATED
LITERATURE
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE. 05

The Review of related

literature involves the
systematic identification,
location, and analysis of
documents containing
information related to the
research problem.
 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE. 05

Importance of RRL:
1. Help or guide the researcher on
searching for selecting better
research problem or topic.

2. Help the researcher understand

his topic for research better.
3. Ensure that there will be no
duplication of other studies.
 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE. 05

LITERATURE vs. STUDIES

Scholarly Journals
Scholarly Books
Newspapers
Magazines
Books & Films
Video (Documentaries)
 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE. 05

Sites to get RRL

1. Google Scholar
2. RefSeek
3. ResearchGate
4. WolframAlpha
5. CORE
 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE. 05

Sites to get RRL

6. JSTOR
7. Semantic Scholar
8. Springer link
9. WorldCat
 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE. 05

Sites to get LOCAL RRL:

1. Tuklas.edu.ph
2. Philippines Ejournal
3. PlaridelJournal
4. Philippines Journal of
Linguistics
5. Bahandian
 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE. 05

Sites to get LOCAL RRL:

6. National Library of the
Philippines
7. Philippine Social Science Journal
8. Asian Center – UP
9. Bisig PUP
10. Philippine Education Research
Journal
 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE. 05

Writing RRL;
METHODOLOGY in
Scientific Research
Report
QUARTER 1 – LESSON #3
 M ETH O DO LO GY

The main purpose of the method section in a scientific

research report is to provide a detailed description of
how the research was conducted in order to make it
replicable and transparent. In this way, other science
investigators will be able to understand the process,
compare and contrast findings from other research, use
relevant information, and if necessary, replicate the
research.
 Sub-sections of METHODOLOGY

01 03 05
CONCEPTUAL
FRAMEWORK 02 PROCEDURE
04 RESEARCH
INSTRUMENT 06
MATERIALS STATISTICAL
RISK & SAFETY
TREATMENT
CONCEPTUAL
FRAMEWORK
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK . 01

A conceptual framework
is like a roadmap for
your study, helping you
visualize your research
project and put it into
action.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK . 01

It is used to show
relationships among
these ideas and how
they relate to the
research study.
Example
Example
MATERIALS
 MATERIALS. 02
The materials are simply the
raw materials, tools, subject
and/or important chemicals
used in your experiments.
Basically, it is the important
details of WHAT you use in
your research.
PROCEDURES
 PROCEDURES. 03
Research procedures
are steps that
researchers should
take to increase the
reliability and validity
of their research.
RISK and
SAFETY
 RISK & SAFETY. 04
In safety you can mention that all
the research was supervise by your
Teacher and your parents/adult
sponsors are well informed in the
research you are creating.

You can also include that all the

participant has a consent and
orientation was made before the
experiment start.
 RISK & SAFETY. 04
In risk you need to put
what are the risk
( physical or chemical
risk) you will encounter,
or the participants will
experience through out
the research.
RESEARCK
INSTRUMENT
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT . 05
A research instrument is a
tool used to collect, measure,
and analyze data related to
your subject. Research
instruments can be tests,
surveys, scales,
questionnaires, or even
checklists.
STATISTICAL
TREATMENT
STATISTICAL INSTRUMENT. 06

In its simplest form,

statistical treatment of
data is taking raw data
and turning it into
something that can be
interpreted and used
to make decisions.
Result in Scientific
Research Report
QUARTER 1 – LESSON #4
 R E S U LTS

It represents the core findings of a study from the

methods applied to gather and analyze information.
This section presents these findings in a logical
arrangement without bias or interpretation. The
major purpose of the Results section is to break
down the gathered data into sentences that are
relevant to the research questions.
 Inclusion of the Result Section:
1. Data presented in tables, charts,
graphs and other figures;
2. Contextual analysis of this data
explaining its meaning in sentence
form;
3. Report on data collection,
recruitment, and/or participants;
4. Data that corresponds to the
central research questions.
Important considerations in writing
the Results section:
1. Organize “logically”- provide the
results alongside the research
questions.
2. Answer clearly and concisely- avoid
using hifalutin words.
3. Give enough details without
commenting on the results- comments
are done in the Discussion section.
Steps for Composing the Results
Section:
Step 1: Consult the guidelines or
instructions and read research papers
with similar topics, methods, or results
to your study.

Step 2: Consider the research results in

relation to the style/format
requirements and catalogue your
results through subheadings.
 Steps for Composing the Results
Section:
Step 3: Design figures and tables to
present and illustrate your data.
Step 4: Draft your Results section using
the findings and figures you have
organized.
Step 5: Review the draft; edit and revise
until the section reports results as
accurately as what you would like to
report to the readers.
 Choosing graph types:

 To compare proportions and

relative amounts, use a pie chart,
a horizontal bar chart, or a table.

 To show trends, use a column

chart or line graph.
 Choosing graph types:

 To show what is typical versus

exceptional, use a histogram,
boxplot or cumulative percentage
frequency.

 To show correlations, use a

scatterplot or multiplot chart.
 Captioning and Referencing Tables
and Figures:

 Check the standard/style

required.

 Place the figures in the order

they are referenced and be as
clear and easy to understand as
possible.
 Captioning and Referencing Tables
and Figures:
 Split into separate figures,
headings and paragraphs if there are
multiple variables being considered.

 Create a caption by considering

the research question and
transforming it into a phrase.
Discussion in
Scientific Research
Report
QUARTER 1 – LESSON #5
 DISCUSSION

This section interprets the most significant results

as they help shed light on the study’s research
questions. Writers compare the results of their
study with previous research as well as speculate on
the explanations for such outcomes.
Structure and Writing Style for
Discussion section:

 Do not be repetitive- do not

repeat results.
 Be concise and make you points
clearly.
 Avoid using jargon- consider
alternative explanations for the
results.
Structure and Writing Style for
Discussion section:
 Follow a logical flow of thought- order
simple to complex; base on how the
research questions were presented.
 If needed, use subheadings to help
organize your presentation or to group
your interpretations into themes.
 Emphasize what is new, different or
important about your results.
 Content of the Discussion section:

1. Explanation of results- comment on

whether the results were expected or not and
present explanations for the results; go into
greater depth when explaining findings that
were unexpected or especially important. If
appropriate, note any unusual or
unanticipated patterns or trends that
emerged from your results and explain their
meaning.
Content of the Discussion section:

2. References to previous research-

compare your results with the
findings from other studies or use
the studies to support a claim. This
can include reviewing key sources
already cited in your literature
review section.
Content of the Discussion section:

3. Deduction- a claim for how the

results can be applied more
generally. For example, describing
lessons learned, proposing
recommendations that can help
improve a situation, or
recommending best practices.
Organization of Discussion section:

1. Think of your discussion as an

inverted pyramid. Organize the
discussion from the general to the
specific, linking your findings to the
literature, then to theory, then to
practice.
Organization of Discussion section:

2. Use the same key terms, mode of

narration, and verb tense (present)
that you used when describing the
research problem in the
introduction.
Organization of Discussion section:

3. Begin by briefly re-stating the

research problem you were
investigating and answer all the
research questions highlighting the
problem that you posed in the
introduction.
 Organization of Discussion section:

4. Describe the patterns, principles, and

relationships shown by each major findings
and place them in proper perspective. First,
state the answer, then the relevant results,
then cite the work of others. If appropriate,
refer the reader to a figure or table to help
enhance the interpretation of the data. The
order of interpreting each major finding
should be in the same order as they were
described in your results section.
 Organization of Discussion section:

5. A good discussion section includes analysis

of any unexpected findings. This paragraph
should begin with a description of the
unexpected finding, followed by a brief
interpretation as to why you believe it
appeared and, if necessary, its possible
significance in relation to the overall study. If
more than one unexpected finding emerged
during the study, describe each them in the
order they appeared as you gathered the data.
 Organization of Discussion section:

6. Before concluding, identify

potential limitations and
weaknesses. Comment on their
relative importance in relation to
your overall interpretation of the
results and, if necessary, note how
they may affect the validity of the
findings.
Conclusion in
Scientific Research
Report
QUARTER 1 – LESSON #6
 CONCLUSION

This section helps the reader understand

why the project should matter to them after
they have finished reading the paper. A
conclusion is not just a summary of your
points or a re-statement of your research
problem but a synthesis of key points.
 Structure and Writing Style for
Conclusion section:
General Rules:
a. State your conclusions in simple,
straight-forward language.
b. Do not just repeat the results of the
discussion of your paper.
c. Include opportunities for future
research.
d. Acknowledge the limitations of the
study.
 Structure and Writing Style for
Conclusion section:

1. The conclusion restates the main

argument- this part reminds the readers
of the strengths of the main argument/s
and emphasizes the most important
evidence supporting those argument/s.
However, it is important to make sure
that the conclusion is not just repeating
the summary of findings.
 Structure and Writing Style for
Conclusion section:

2. The conclusion is a part where the

proponent can persuasively and
concisely restate the research problem
and connect its relevance after all the
findings have been presented- the
conclusion may contain reflections on
the evidence presented or on the central
research problem.
 STRATEGIES:
1. For a more compelling conclusion,
warn the readers of the possible
consequence if the problem is not
attended to.
2. Recommend a specific course of
action.
3. Cite a relevant conclusion or expert
opinion to give more authority to the
conclusion.
 STRATEGIES:
4. Restate a key statistic or fact to lead
the reader to the ultimate point of the
paper.

5. Go back to an example or situation

you presented in the introduction and
relate this to the findings of your
study.
Abstract in Scientific
Research Report
QUARTER 1 – LESSON #7
 ABSTRACT

An abstract is like a teaser in a movie. This gives a

preview, highlights important points, and allows the
public to determine whether to view the whole job.
Abstracts are the core of a research paper since many
journal editorial boards only
review abstract manuscripts.
 ABSTRACT

For an IMRaD paper or presentation, abstract is usually one

or two paragraphs long.
(120 – 250 words). Abstracts are commonly invested
• 25% of its space on the research purpose and significance
(Introduction)
• 25% of your space for what you did (Methods)
• 35% of the space on what you find (Results)
• 15 % of their space on research implications
Purpose of an Abstract
Purpose 1: As other researchers look
for literature on a specific subject, it
plays a key role. It tells them about
the quality of your paper and its
benefits. A researcher may assess the
importance of a paper based on the
abstract and may decide to read the
paper.
Purpose of an Abstract
Purpose 2: The abstract also has a
significant part to play in the peer-
review process. When your paper is
sent to the journal for judgment by
its editors and reviewers, they will
first look at the paper's abstract to
get a first impression of your subject
and its importance.
10-step guide to make things easier:

1. After you have finished writing

your article, start writing the
abstract.
2. Choose the main goals, hypotheses
and conclusions from your Parts of
Introduction and Conclusion.
3. In your Methods portion, pick
main sentences and phrases.
10-step guide to make things easier:

4. Identify the primary findings from

your segment on Performance.
5. Now, in the following sequence,
arrange the sentences and phrases
selected in steps 2, 3 and 4 into a
single paragraph: Introduction,
Methods, Results and Conclusions.
10-step guide to make things easier:
6. Make sure it does not contain the
following in the paragraph
• New information not covered in article
• Undefined abbreviations, or names of
the units
• Discussions of earlier literature or
quotes from sources
• Data irrelevant about methods
applied
10-step guide to make things easier:
7. Remove any extra information (see
step 6) and then connect your
sentences to ensure that the
information flows correctly, preferably
in the following order: purpose, basic
research design, methodology, and
techniques used, key findings,
summary of your results, conclusions,
and implications.
10-step guide to make things easier:

8. Confirm that the information

presented in the abstract correlates
with that in the paper.
9. Ask a colleague to review your
abstract and test if the aim,
purpose, methodology, and
conclusions of the study are clearly
set out.
10-step guide to make things easier:

10. Test to see whether the

final abstract meets the
criteria of the target journal
(word limit, abstract type,
suggested subheadings ...)
Things to avoid
• Avoid any terminology or
technical words most readers may
not understand.

• Avoid widely understood

abbreviations or acronyms unless
you explain what they mean.
Things to avoid
• The abstracts have neither a
bibliography nor quotations.

• For most science fairs, the

abstract will concentrate on the
preceding 12 months of study (or
less) and only give a brief reference
to any previous work.
Things to avoid
• The abstracts contain neither tables
nor graphs.

• When you are consulting with a

scientist or mentor, your abstract will
contain only the experiments you have
done, and you should not place an
acknowledgment in your abstract to
others.
Example
Example