Simple Recall

Chemical or
Physical Change?
Directions: Identify the type of
change that is describe in each item.

Write the word Physical or Chemical

on your paper.
Baking a Cake
Burning Paper
Preparing hot coffee
Dissolving sugar in water
Mixing paint to make a
new color
Answer Keys
 Baking a Cake

CHEMICAL CHANGE
 Burning Paper

CHEMICAL CHANGE
Preparing hot coffee

PHYSICAL CHANGE
Dissolving sugar in water

PHYSICAL CHANGE
Mixing paint to make a
new color

CHEMICAL CHANGE
 Physical change
is a change to a sample of matter in which
some properties of the material change, but
the identity of the matter does not.

It can be reversible where the original form

of the matter can be restored, or irreversible
where the original form cannot be restored.
 Chemical change
is a change of materials into another, new
materials with different properties and one or
more than one new substances are formed.
It results when a substance combines with
another to form a new substance (synthesis or
either decomposes to form more substances).
Picture Analysis
When we talk about reactions in science,
what does that make you think of?
Recite/list your ideas about this picture.
Complete the sentence about the
word Reaction.
A reaction is when
_____________________________
__________________________.
PHYSICAL
SCIENCE
 When we
talk about
chemical
reactions
in science,
what does
that make
you think
of?
ACTI
VITY
3:
The
Clash
Process
What can you say about the
ing video presented?
What do you think is happening
Questio in the video?

n
Collis States that reacting substances
must come into contact
substances must come in contact
ion to form the products of reaction.

Theor For a chemical reaction to

occur, the reacting particles
must collide with one another.
y
Collision will be successful if…

1. Substance or particles of reactants

must physically collide with enough
energy.
2. Substance or particles must come
into contact or collide in the correct
orientation.
What is chemical reaction?
 A chemical reaction is a process in which
one or more substances, also called
reactants, are converted to one or more
different substances, known as
products
Introduction to Chemical
Reactions
 What is a Chemical Reaction?

It is a chemical change in which one or

more substances are destroyed and one or
more new substances are created.
BEFORE AFTER

H2 gas H2O liquid

and

O2 gas
 Parts of a Chemical Reaction
Reactants  Products

Reactants: Substances that are destroyed by the

chemical change (bonds break).
break

Products: Substances created by the chemical change

(new bonds form).
form

The arrow () is read as “yields”.

Other symbols in chemical reactions

• (s) = solid
• (l) = liquid
• (g) = gas
• (aq) = aqueous solution (the substance is
dissolved in H2O)
• “+” separates two or more reactants or products
• “” yield sign separates reactants from
products
 Evidence for a Chemical Reaction

1) Evolution of light or heat.

 Evidence for a Chemical Reaction

2) Temperature change (increase or decrease)

to the surroundings.
 Evidence for a Chemical Reaction

3) Formation of a gas (bubbling or an odor)

other than boiling.
 Evidence for a Chemical Reaction

4) Color change (due to the formation of a

new substance).
 Evidence for a Chemical Reaction

5) Formation of a precipitate (a new solid

forms) from the reaction of two aqueous
solutions.
ACTIVITY 3: It’s a FACT-or
BLAST
On the graphic organizer, write
down your ideas about the
factors that may affect the rates
of reactions.
FACTORS
THAT
AFFECTS
THE
RATE OF
REACTIO
N
Process
ing
Questio
ns
 The rate of a reaction is the speed
at which a
chemical reaction happens. If
Reactio a reaction has a low rate, that
means the molecules combine at a

n Rate
slower speed than a reaction with
a high rate. Some reactions take
hundreds, maybe even thousands,
of years while others can happen in
less than one second.
 FACTORS
AFFECTING
THE RATE
OF
REACTION
ACTIVATION ENERGY

- The minimum
energy required
for a reaction to
take place.
 FACTORS
AFFECTING
THE RATE
OF
REACTION
TEMPERATURE
An increase
in temperature typically
increases the rate of reaction.
An increase
in temperature will raise the
average kinetic energy of the
reactant molecules. Therefore,
a greater proportion of
molecules will have the
minimum energy necessary for
an effective collision
 FACTORS
AFFECTING
THE RATE
OF
REACTION
SURFACE AREA AND
PARTICLE SIZE

In a reaction
between solid and
liquid, the more
finely divided the
solid is, the faster
the rate of reaction.
 FACTORS
AFFECTING
THE RATE
OF
REACTION
CONCENTRATION
When the concentration of
all the reactants
increases, more molecules
or ions interact to form new
compounds, and the rate of
reaction increases. When
the concentration of a
reactant decreases, there
are fewer of that molecule
or ion present, and the rate
of reaction decreases.
 FACTORS
AFFECTING
THE RATE
OF
REACTION
PRESSURE
The greater the
pressure, the
greater the force
applied into objects,
the higher rate of
reaction
AFFECTING
THE RATE
OF
REACTION
AFFECTING
THE RATE
OF
REACTION
 Instruction:

ACTIVI
TY 3:
I-
BILIB!
RUB
RICS
Process How did you find
ing the activity?
What have you
questio proved after seeing
the result of your
ns experiment?
 Go to
Assessme
joinmyquiz.com
nt
CODE: 931489
1. What criteria must be met for reactant solution to
result in a successful product? 3. How can we make this reaction happen
more quickly.
a. The reactants must collide with each other.
b. The reactants must collide with enough
energy and be
in the right position.
c. The reactants must have enough energy to
form a. Decrease the decrease the
concentration of the acid.
activated complex.
b. Put the test tube in an ice bath.
d. None of these. c. Crush the chalk to increase surface
2 Which of the following affects the rate of area.
reaction? d. None of these.
a. Collision Theory
5. Which factors increase rate of reaction?
b. The energy is needed for a reaction to occur.
a. increasing temperature
c. The time it takes for a reaction to occur.
b. increasing surface area
d. The energy required to break a bond.
c. increasing concentration
3. The collisions which bring about a chemical
d. all of these
reaction is called:
a. Consistent Solution c.
Effective Collision
A.Temperature B. Concentrations C. Particle Size

1. The food was refrigerated.

2. A coal dust explosion happens in
mines.
3. Acid rain erodes marble fast.
4. Two antacid tablets neutralize faster
than one tablet.
5. Kindling used to start fire.
Generaliz
ation
 Thank you!
Have a great weekend.
 Word Equations

• Statements that indicate the reactants and

products in a chemical reaction.

• Ex. Iron (s) + chlorine (g)  iron (III) chloride (s)

• This is read as:

“Solid iron and chlorine gas react (combine) to produce solid
iron (III) chloride”
 Translating Word Equations to
• Skeleton
A skeleton equation uses Equations
chemical formulas rather
than words to identify the reactants and products of a
chemical reaction.

• The word equation

Iron (s) + chlorine (g)  iron (III) chloride (s)

• The skeleton equation

Fe(s) + Cl2(g)  FeCl3 (s)

A skeleton equation is not yet “balanced” by coefficients!

 One more example…
• 6 Na (s) + Fe2O3 (s)  3 Na2O (s) + 2 Fe (s)
– The numbers preceding the chemical formulae are
coefficients. They are used to balance the reaction.
– The numbers within the chemical formulae are
subscripts.
– You can read the above balanced reaction as:
• “6 atoms of solid sodium plus 1 formula unit of solid iron
(III) oxide yields 3 formula units of solid sodium oxide and
2 atoms of solid iron” or…
• “6 moles of solid sodium plus 1 mole of solid iron (III)
oxide yields 3 moles of solid sodium oxide plus 2 moles of
solid iron”
• Chemical reactions can never be read in terms of grams,
only in terms of particles or groups of particles (moles).
 Conservation of Mass
During a chemical reaction, atoms are neither
created nor destroyed (Conservation of Mass).

Hydrogen and oxygen gas react to form water:

H2 (g) + O2 (g)  H2O (l)
 Conservation of Mass
H2 (g) + O2 (g)  H2O (l)

What is wrong with this equation above? Doesn’t it

appear that one oxygen atom “went missing”?

According to conservation of mass, the proper way to

write this reaction is:

2H2 (g) + 1O2 (g)  2H2O (l)

The red coefficients represent the # of molecules (or the

# of moles) of each reactant or product.
 Not All Properties are Conserved
During Chemical Reactions!

CONSERVED NOT CONSERVED

Mass Color
Types of atoms Physical state (solid,
Number of each atom liquid, gas)
Volume
Number of moles of
reactants/products
TYPES OF CHEMICAL
REACTIONS
 There are 5 basic types….
• Single Replacement (Displacement)
(Redox)

• Double Replacement (Displacement)

(Metathesis)

• Synthesis (Combination)

• Decomposition

• Combustion
 1) SINGLE REPLACEMENT
REACTION
A single uncombined
element replaces
another element in
an ionic compound.
There are two
reactants and two
products.
Ex: Zn + CuSO4  ZnSO4 + Cu
 Single Replacement Reactions

Single replacement reactions have the general

form, A + BC  AC + B.

Question: Do all single replacement reactions

actually occur?

Answer: Not necessarily…

 Single Replacement Reactions
Examine the reaction:
Zn + CuSO4  ZnSO4 + Cu
This reaction does occur!’

Now let’s try:

Cu + ZnSO4  No Reaction

Conclusion: Zn will replace Cu in solution,

but not vice versa!
 Single Replacement Reactions
How do we know which reactions will occur and
which ones will not?

We look at the “activity series”.

Elements with higher activities replace elements

with lower activities during a single-
replacement reaction, but not vice-versa.
 Activity Series for Cr
Metals
Fe
HIGHEST ACTIVITY
Ni
Li
Sn
Rb
Pb
K
H
Ba
Cu
Ca
Hg
Na
Ag
Mg
Pt
Al
Au
Mn
LOWEST ACTIVITY
Zn
Activity Series for Nonmetals
Highest Activity

Cl

Br

Lowest Activity
 Predicting the Products of Single
Replacement Reactions
1) Write the reactants.

2) Identify the cation and anion of the reactant

that is a compound.
3) Use the activity series to see if the single
element will replace one of the elements in
the compound. If no reaction will occur,
just write “NR” for the products and you
are done.
4) Identify the reactant that is the element.
Determine its charge when it becomes an
ion.
5) Perform criss-cross to predict the new
compound on the products side of the
reaction.
6) Write both new products.

7) Balance the reaction.

 Single Replacement Between Metals
and Water
• Some metals have a higher activity than hydrogen
and can replace it in a single replacement reaction. In
these reactions, you may think of water (H2O) as
H(OH).
• Ex: Na + H2O  ?
Na + HOH  ?

Na + H+OH-  Na+OH- + H

2Na + 2H2O  2NaOH + H2

 2) DOUBLE REPLACEMENT
Parts of two REACTION
aqueous ionic
compounds switch
places to form two
new compounds.
Example:
There are two AgNO3 + NaCl 
reactants and two AgCl + NaNO3
products.
 Double Replacement Reactions
The general form of a double replacement reaction is:
AB + CD  AD + CB

Just like single replacement reactions, not all double replacement

reactions actually occur.

We can experimentally attempt a D.R. reaction. The reaction

occurs if:

1) A solid precipitate is produced, or

2) A gas is produced, or
3) Water is produced.

If none of the above are produced and both products are (aq),
then there is no reaction (NR)!
 Examples of Double Replacement
Reactions:
Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + 2NaI (aq)  PbI2 (s) + 2NaNO3 (aq)
(precipitate forming)

H(OH)
HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq)  NaCl (aq) + H2O (l)
(water-forming, acid-base, neutralization)

H2O (l) +
CO2 (g)
CaCO3 (s) + 2HCl (aq)  CaCl2 (aq) + H2CO3
(gas-forming)
 How do you determine if one of the products
of a double replacement reaction will be a
precipitate?
• Use the solubility rules….

Soluble compounds
These compounds break down when put in water.

Example: In water, NaCl  Na1+ and Cl1-.

We say that NaCl…

 has dissolved.
 is soluble.
 forms an aqueous solution (aq).
 The Solubility
Insoluble compounds Rules
These compounds do NOT
break down when put in
water.

Example: In water, CaCO3

does NOT break down into
Ca2+ and CO32- ions.

The CaCO3 stays as a solid,

(s) or (ppt).
Seashells are made of
CaCO3!
This is fortunate for many sea-
creatures!
 The Solubility Rules
You do not have to memorize these rules, but
you do have to know how to use them to
determine if a product is a precipitate.

See the chart on the next slide…..

Let’s check NaCl and CaCO3… Are these

compounds soluble or insoluble in aqueous
solution?
Solubility Rules Chart
 Predicting the Products of Double
Replacement Reactions…
Step Example
1) Write the two reactants (both are ionic
compounds)

2) Identify the cations and anions in both of the

compound reactants

3) Pair up each cation with the anion from the

other compound
(i.e. – switch the cations)

4) Write the formula for each product using the

criss-cross method

5) Write the complete equation for the double

replacement reaction

6) Balance the equation.

7) Use the solubility rules chart to figure out which

product is a precipitate (s) and which product
is an aqueous solution (aq). If both products
are (aq) it is really not a reaction.
 3) SYNTHESIS REACTION
Two or more simple substances
(the reactants) combine to form
a more complex substance (the
product).

Ex: 2Mg + O2  2MgO

 SYNTHESIS REACTION

Types of synthesis:
a)Element A + Element B Compound
Na(s) + Cl2 (g)  2NaCl(s)
a)Element + Compound A  Compound B
O2(g) + 2SO2(g)  2SO3(g)
a)Compound A + Compound B  Compound C
CaO(s) + H2O(l)  Ca(OH)2 (s)
 Synthesis Reactions (cont’d)
• Metallic and nonmetallic elements react to form ionic
compounds. The resultant compound should be charge
balanced by the criss-cross method.
Ex. 4Li + O2  2Li2O
• Nonmetals react with each other to form covalent (molecular)
compounds. You should be able to draw a valid Lewis
Structure for the product.
2H2 + O2  2H2O
or
H2 + O2  H2O2

But NOT

H2 + O2  2OH
 4) DECOMPOSITION
REACTION
A more complex substance (the
reactant) breaks down into two
or more simple parts (products).
Synthesis and decomposition
reactions are opposites.

Ex: 2H2O  2H2 + O2 Electrolysis of

Water
 DECOMPOSITION REACTIONS
(Cont’d)
Decomposition of a compound produces two or
more elements and/or compounds
The products are always simpler than the
reactant.
Gases are often produced (H2, N2, O2, CO2, etc.)
in the decomposition of covalent compounds.
Ionic compounds may be decomposed into pure
elements by using electricity (electrolysis). This is
how pure metals are obtained from salts.
The Decomposition of Water by
Electrolysis

An electrical
current can be
used to
chemically
separate
water into
oxygen gas
and hydrogen
gas. Notice
2H2O  2H2 + O2 that twice as
much
hydrogen is
Electrolysis of Molten Sodium Chloride
Many pure
metals are
obtained by
using electrolysis
to separate
metallic salts
(ex. NaCl is used
to obtain pure
Na).
 5) COMBUSTION REACTIONS
a) All involve oxygen (O2) as a reactant,
combining with another substance
b) All combustion reactions are are
exothermic
c) Complete combustion of a hydrocarbon
always produces CO2 and H2O
d) Incomplete combustion of a hydrocarbon
will produce CO and possibly C (black
carbon soot) as well

Ex: CH4 + 2O2 => CO2 + 2H2O (complete combustion – blue

flame)
Ex: CH4 + 1.5O2 => CO + 2H2O (incomplete combustion –
 Combustion (cont’d)
• Any synthesis reaction which involves O2 as a
reactant is also considered to be a combustion
reaction!

Ex. 2Mg + O2  2MgO

(metal oxide)

This is called the combustion of magnesium or the

synthesis of magnesium oxide. The combustion of a
metal always produces a metal oxide (in this case,
magnesium oxide). Make sure the metal product
is criss-crossed correctly!
TRY TO CLASSIFY THESE:
1) C4H8 + 6O2  4CO2 + 4H2O

2) HCl + NaOH  H2O + NaCl

3) 2KNO3(s)  2KNO2(s) + O2(g)

TRY TO CLASSIFY THESE:

4) 2Ag + S  Ag2S

5) MgCO3(s)  MgO(s) + CO2(g)

6) Cl2 + 2KBr  2KCl + Br2

 Check Your Answers…
1) Combustion (of a hydrocarbon)
2) Double replacement (water forming)
3) Decomposition
4) Synthesis
5) Decomposition
6) Single Replacement
 Counting Atoms
SnO2 + 2H2 → Sn + 2H2O
COEFFICIENT
SUBSCRIPT
 Rules for Counting Atoms
1)Coefficients propagate to the right through the
entire compound, whether or not parentheses
are present.

2) Subscripts affect only the element to the left of

the subscript, unless…

3) If a subscript occurs to the right of a

parentheses, the subscript propagates to the left
through the parentheses.

4) When a coefficient and subscript “meet”, you

must multiply the two.
 Examples of Counting Atoms

SnO2 + 2H2 → Sn + 2H2O

2 C4H10 + 13 O2 → 8 CO2 + 10 H2O

Cu + 2AgNO3 → Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag

3Pb(NO3)2 + 2AlCl3 → 3PbCl2 + 2Al(NO3)3

 Classwork

Complete “The Count” worksheet

on counting atoms in chemical
reactions.
 Warm-Up
2Ca3(PO4)2 + 6 SiO2 + 10C 
6 CaSiO3 + P4 +10CO
Atom # Atoms on # Atoms on
Left Side Right Side
Ca
P
O
Si
C
 Rules for Balancing
Chemical Reactions

__H2 + __ O2  __H2O

Balancing is about finding the

right coefficients!
 Rules for Balancing
Chemical Reactions
1) You can change the coefficients, but
NEVER the subscripts!

__H2 + __ O2  __H2O

Off Limits!
 Rules for Balancing
Chemical Reactions
2) The coefficients must reduced to represent
the lowest possible numbers.

4H2 + 2 O2  4H2O
 Rules for Balancing
Chemical Reactions
3) It is OK to use fraction coefficients, but
you must get rid of them in the end
(multiply through by denominator).

H2 + ½ O 2  H 2 O
 Rules for Balancing
Chemical Reactions
4) Often, it is helpful to save the following
elements until the end (do other elements
first):

H, C, O
 Rules for Balancing
Chemical Reactions
5) Do a final balance check for each element!

2H2 + O2  2H2O
 Practice

1) K + Br  KBr

2) HgO  Hg + O2

3) Na + H2O  NaOH + H2
 Practice

4) CaO + H2O  Ca(OH)2

5) Al + HCl  AlCl3 + H2
 Energy Changes Accompanying
Chemical Reactions
All chemical reactions involve a net release or absorption of
energy. Therefore, heat energy moves between the chemical
system and the surroundings. This exchange of heat can be
monitored by keeping track of changes in temperature of the
surroundings (calorimetry).

Remember, q = mcpT
where  q = change in heat (in Joules)
m = mass of H2O (in grams)
cp = specific heat capacity of
H2O (J/g ◦C )
T = change in temperature
of H2O (in ◦C)
 Where does the energy come from during a
chemical reaction?
• During chemical reactions, bonds are broken and new bonds are
formed.
• The heat energy that moves between the system and surroundings
during chemical reactions is basically the energy that is used to break
bonds and the energy that is released when bonds form. (i.e. bond
energy)
• The energy change that accompanies any chemical reaction is called
the enthalpy (heat) of reaction or H0rxn.
H0rxn = Hfinal – Hinitial

• H0 simply means that the energy changes during chemical reactions

are generally measured at “standard state” conditions of 298 K (25 ◦C)
and 1 atm pressure.
• It is important to note that absolute amounts of energy within a
chemical system cannot be measured. We can only measure
changes in energy within a chemical system. Hence we use the
“” sign.
 Exothermic Reactions
A chemical reaction is exothermic if energy is given off by the system to the
surroundings (the energy exits):

Reactants  Products + Energy Released

Chemical Potential
reactan

Energy (H)
Syste ts
Surroundin Hrxn is
m gs product
(-)
s
Reaction progress

The temperature of the surroundings (including the temperature probe) increases

during exothermic reactions because the system releases energy. The H0rxn is
negative because Hfinal is less than Hinitial. In other words, the system lost energy.
(sign goes with the system)

The majority of chemical reactions are exothermic because nature favors a low
chemical potential energy.
 Example: An Exothermic Reaction
The “Smashing” Thermite Reaction:
2Al(s) + Fe2O3 (s)  2Fe (s) + Al2O3 (s)
Chemical Potential
Energy (H)

Reaction Progress
 Endothermic Reactions
A chemical reaction is endothermic if energy is absorbed by the system from the
surroundings (the energy enters):

Reactants + Energy Absorbed  Products

Chemical Potential
product

Energy (H)
s
Syste Surroundin Hrxn is
m gs reactan (+)
ts
Reaction progress

The temperature of the surroundings (including the temperature probe) decreases

during endothermic reactions because the system absorbs energy. The H0rxn is
positive because Hfinal is more than Hinitial. In other words, the system gained energy.
(sign goes with the system)

Endothermic chemical reactions are generally unfavorable but may occur only if
they are accompanied by an increase in entropy or disorder of the system (due to
more particles formed, liquids/gases formed, mixtures formed, volume of gas
increases).
 Example: An Endothermic Reaction

Ba(OH)28H2O (s) + 2NH4(NO3) (s) 

Ba(NO3)2 (aq) + 2NH3 (g) + 10 H2O (l)
Chemical Potential
Energy (H)

Reaction Progress
Do you have to actually perform and observe a
chemical reaction to know if it is exothermic or
endothermic?
• No – you can calculate H0rxn from data that has
already been measured and tabulated by thermo-
chemists (see handout).
• H0f = standard heat of formation for a compound (in
kJ/mol). It is determined by forming the compound
from its elements in their stable forms at conditions
of 298K and 1 atm of pressure inside of a calorimeter.

• For most compounds, H0f is negative because bond

formation is exothermic!
• H0f of an element is always 0 kJ/mol by def.
 H0rxn = nH0f (products) - nH0f (reactants)
• Not as hard as it looks 
• Basically, you just
1) multiply the coefficient of each product times its standard
heat of formation and add together for all products

2) multiply the coefficient of each reactant times its standard

heat of formation and add together for all reactants

3) take the difference of 1 and 2

(always products - reactants)

4) If the difference is (-) the reaction is exothermic;

if the difference is (+) the reaction is endothermic.
 Try this…
• Calculate the H0rxn for the thermite reaction using
tabulated data (see handout):
2Al (s) + Fe2O3 (s)  2Fe (s) + Al2O3 (s)
H0rxn = nH0f (products) - nH0f (reactants)
 Try this…
• Calculate the H0rxn for this reaction based on tabulated
data:
Ba(OH)28H2O (s) + 2NH4(NO3) (s) 
Ba(NO3)2 (aq) + 2NH3 (g) + 10 H2O (l)

H0rxn = nH0f (products) - nH0f (reactants)

Compound H 0f
(kcal/mol)

NH4(NO3) (s) -87.73

Ba(OH)28H2O (s) -798.8
Ba(NO3)2 (aq) -227.62
NH3 (g) -11.02
H2O (l) -68.32 1 kcal =
 Summarizing H0rxn
• If H0rxn is (-) the reaction is exothermic and the
bonds formed are stronger and more stable than
the bonds broken.

• If H0rxn is (+) the reaction is endothermic and the

bonds formed are weaker and less stable than the
bonds broken. However, if the entropy of the
system has increased to sufficiently to counteract
this increase in enthalpy, then the reaction can still
occur.
 Bond Enthalpies
• Another way to determining an enthalpy change
(H0rxn) for a chemical reaction is to compute the
difference in bond enthalpies between reactants
and products
• The energy to required to break a covalent bond
in the gaseous phase is called a bond enthalpy
(bond dissociation energy).
• Bond enthalpy tables give the average energy to
break a chemical bond. Actually there are slight
variations depending on the environment in which
the chemical bond is located
 Bond Enthalpy Table
The average bond enthalpies for several types of chemical
bonds are shown in the table below:
 Bond
• Bond enthalpies can Enthalpies
be used to calculate the
enthalpy change (H0rxn) for a chemical reaction.
• Energy is required to break chemical bonds.
Therefore when a chemical bond is broken its
enthalpy change carries a positive sign.
• Energy is released when chemical bonds form.
When a chemical bond is formed its enthalpy
change is expressed as a negative value.
• By combining the enthalpy required and the
enthalpy released for the breaking and forming
chemical bonds, one can calculate the overall
enthalpy change for a chemical reaction.
 Bond Enthalpy Calculations
Example : Calculate the enthalpy change (H )
0
rxn

for the reaction N2 + 3 H2  2 NH3

H-H You may
H-H have to
Bonds broken (energy in) H - H draw a
1 N≡N: = 945 Lewis
3 H-H: 3(435) = 1305 Structure
Total = 2250 kJ/mol to know
Bonds formed (energy out) what type
2x3 = 6 N-H: 6 (390) = - 2340 kJ/mol of bonds
are
H0rxn = [energy used for breaking bonds] + [energy released
present!
in forming bonds]

0
Another Way to Think About
It
Chemical Potential Energy (H) of

+ 2250 -2340
kJ/mol kJ/mol
System

(energy in (energy out

Start when when bonds
bonds H
form) rxn = -90 kJ/mol
0

break) (net) released by the

system to the
surroundings