Unit 3

Servlets API

ADVANCE JAVA PROGRAMMING

(3160707)

Presented by:
Prof. Sweta Khatana Dept. of
CE Marwadi University
Contents
 Servlet Introduction,
 Servlet Life Cycle(SLC),
 Types of Servlet,
 Servlet Configuration with Deployment Descriptor,
 Working with ServletContext and ServletConfig Object,
 Attributes in Servlet,
 Response and Redirection using Request Dispacher and using sendRedirect Method,
 Filter API,
 Manipulating Responses using Filter API,
 Session Tracking: using Cookies,
 HTTPSession,
 Hidden Form Fields and URL Rewriting,
 Types of Servlet Event: ContextLevel and SessionLevel
 Introduction to Servlets
 Servlet technology is used to create web application (resides at server side and
generates dynamic web page).
 Servlets are the Java programs that run on the Java-enabled web server or application server.
They are used to handle the request obtained from the web server, process the request,
produce the response, and then send a response back to the web server.
 The properties of Servlets are as follows:
 Servlets work on the server side.
 Servlets are capable of handling complex requests obtained from the web server.

 Servlet technology is robust and scalable because of java language. Before Servlet, CGI
(Common Gateway Interface) scripting language was popular as a server-side
programming language. But there was many disadvantages of this technology.

 There are many interfaces and classes in the servlet API such as Servlet, GenericServlet,
HttpServlet, ServletRequest, ServletResponse etc.
Scripting Language

Server-Side Client-Side
Scripting Language Scripting Language
PHP JavaS
ASP.NET cript
(C# VBScript
OR Visual HTML
Basic) (Structure) CSS
C++ (Designing) AJAX
Java and jQuery etc.
JSP Python
Ruby on
Rails etc

Server-side scripting is often used to provide Client-side scripting is an important

a customized interface for the user. part of the Dynamic HTML. Usually
run on client’s browser.
What is Servlet?
 Servlet can be described in many ways, depending on the context.
 Servlet is a technology i.e. used to create web application.
 Servlet is an API that provides many interfaces and classes including documentations.
 Servlet is an interface that must be implemented for creating any servlet.
 Servlet is a class that extends the capabilities of the servers and responds to the
incoming requests. It can respond to any type of requests.
 Servlet is a web component that is deployed on the server to create dynamic web page.

Request and response

programming model
Common Gateway Interface (CGI)
CGI technology enables the web server to call an external program and pass HTTP request
information to the external program to process the request. For each request, it starts a new
process.
CGI is actually an external application that is written by using any of the programming languages
like C or C++ and this is responsible for processing client requests and generating dynamic content.

In CGI application, when a client makes a request to access dynamic Web pages, the Web server
performs the following operations:

It first locates the requested web page i.e the required CGI application using URL.
It then creates a new process to service the client’s request.
Invokes the CGI application within the process and passes the request information to the
application.
Collects the response from the CGI application.
Destroys the process, prepares the HTTP response, and sends it to the client.
Common Gateway Interface( CGI )
 Disadvantages of CGI : There are many problems in CGI technology:

• If number of clients increases, it takes more time for sending response.

• For each request, it starts a process and Web server is limited to start processes.

• It uses platform dependent language e.g. C, C++, perl.

Servlet
 Advantage of Servlet
 There are many advantages of servlet over CGI. The web container creates threads
for
Processes
handling the
such
multiple
as requests
they to the
share
servlet. a Threads common
have a lotmemory
of benefits
area,over the
communication lightweight, cost of between the threads are low. The
follows: basic benefits of servlet are as

• Better performance: faster than CGI,because it creates a thread for each

request not process.
• Portability: because it uses java language.
• Robust: Servlets are managed by JVM so we don't need to worry
• about memory leak, garbage collection etc.
• Secure: because it uses java language
• Removes the overhead of creating a new process for each request as Servlet doesn’t run in
a separate process. There is only a single instance that handles all requests concurrently.
This also saves the memory and allows a Servlet to easily manage the client state.
How does Servlet works ?
 When a client make a request for some servlet, he/she actually uses the Web browser in
which request is written as a URL.
 The web browser then sends this request to Web server. The web server first finds
the
requested servlet.
 The obtained servlet gathers the relevant information in order to satisfy the client’s
request and builds a web page accordingly.
 This web page is then displayed to the client. Thus request made by client
gets
satisfied by the servlet.
How does Servlet works ?

Application Server Examples : Glassfish , Jboss,

Weblogic, Websphere etc
Servlet Architecture can be depicted from the image itself as provided below as follows:
Execution of Servlets basically involves six basic steps:

The clients send the request to the webserver.

The web server receives the request.

The web server passes the request to the corresponding servlet.

The servlet processes the request and generates the response in the form of output.

The servlet sends the response back to the webserver.

The web server sends the response back to the client and the client browser displays it on the
screen.
Servlet Life Cycle

init() Servlet destroy()

In Service

i. Servlet class is loaded.

ii. Servlet instance is
service()
created.
iii.init() method is invoked.

Servlet Container
 Servlet Life Cycle
 The web container maintains the life cycle of a servlet
instance.

1. Servlet class is loaded.

2. Servlet instance is created.
3. Init( ) method is invoked.
4. Service( ) method is invoked.
5. Destroy( ) method is invoked.
Servlet Life Cycle
1. Servlet class is loaded: The classloader is responsible to load the servlet class. The servlet
class is loaded when the first request for the servlet is received by the web container.

2. Servlet instance is created: The web container creates the instance of a servlet
after loading the servlet class. The servlet instance is created only once in the servlet life
cycle.

3. init method is invoked: The web container calls the init method only once after
creating the servlet instance. The init method is used to initialize the servlet. It is the
life cycle method of the javax.servlet.Servlet interface.

4. service method is invoked: The web container calls the service method each time
when
request for the servlet is received.

5. destroy method is invoked: The web container calls the destroy method before
removing the servlet instance from the service.
Servlet Life Cycle Example
Java Servlet

1 2

4
Steps to run :Servlet Program in Netbeans
 Step 1: Open Netbeans IDE, Select File -> New Project
Steps to run :Servlet Program in Netbeans
 Step 2: Select Java Web -> Web Application, then click on Next
Steps to run :Servlet Program in Netbeans
 Step 3: Give a name to your project and click on Next,
Steps to run :Servlet Program in Netbeans
 Step 4: and then, Click Finish
Steps to run :Servlet Program in Netbeans
 Step 5: The complete directory structure required for the Servlet Application will be
created automatically by the IDE.
Steps to run :Servlet Program in Netbeans
 Step 6: index.html
<html>
<head>
<title>MyServlet Example</title>

</head>
<body>
<a href="MyServlet"> MyServlet</a>
</body>
</html>
Steps to run :Servlet Program in Netbeans
 Step 7: To create a Servlet, open Source Package, right click on default packages -
> New -> Servlet.
Steps to run :Servlet Program in Netbeans
 Step 8: Give Servlet Name.
Steps to run :Servlet Program in Netbeans
 Step 9: tick the add information to deployment descriptor.

Web.xml is the
It will add servlet configuration file of
information to web applications in
web.xml file java.
Steps to run :Servlet Program in Netbeans
 Step 10: open web.xml

Configuration of Map the servlet to a URL. This can It is used to map

Servlet to specific
servlet using be done using <servlet- URL
<servlet> mapping> element.
Steps to run :Servlet Program in Netbeans
 Step 11: MyServlet.java
public void destroy()
import java.io.*; {
import javax.servlet.*; out.close();
import } }
javax.servlet.http.*;
public class
MyServlet1 extends
HttpServlet
{
String msg="";
public void out;
PrintWriter doGet(HttpServletRequest request,
HttpServletResponse response)throws ServletException,
public void init()
IOException
throws
{
ServletExceptio
n response.setContentType("text/
{ html"); out=response.getWriter();
msg="hello
out.println(msg);
world: my first
}
servlet
Steps to run :Servlet Program in Netbeans
 Step 12: Output
Deployment Descriptor
 it describes how the web application should be deployed.

 For web applications written using the Java programming language, the web
application deployment descriptor is written using the EXtensible Markup
Language (XML) syntax. The web application deployment descriptor is
named web.xml, and, when included with a web application, it must reside in
a WEB-INF subdirectory at the web application root.

 The contents of this file direct a deployment tool to deploy a module or

application with the specified settings, and describes other specific configuration
requirements and/or container options.

 When the web server receives a request for the application, it uses the
deployment descriptor to map the URL of the request to the code that ought to
handle the request.
Deployment Descriptor
 The following activities can be done by the programmer in web.xml file.
a) Mapping alias name with the actual Servlet name
• First and foremost is the alias name to the Servlet. Never a client is given the actual
name of the Servlet. Always an alias name is given just for security (avoid hacking). The
alias name is given in the following XML tags.
 Copying the .class file of the Servlet from the current directory to the classes folder of
Tomcat (or any Web server) is known as deployment. When deployed, Tomcat is ready
to load and execute the Servlet, at anytime, at the client request.

 As the name indicates, the deployment descriptor describes the deployment

information (or Web Information) of a Servlet. The deployment descriptor is an XML file
known as web.xml. XML is the easiest way to give the information to a server, just
writing in between the tags, instead of writing in a text file or RDBMS file. The name
and tags of web.xml are Servlet API specifications.
 Deployment Descriptor
b) To write Initialization Parameters

• Intialization parameteres are read by the Servlet from web.xml file. Programmer can
write code to be used for initialization. An example code is given below

<init-param>
<param-name>instructor</param-name>
<param-value> John</param-value>
</init-param>
Deployment Descriptor
c) To write tag libraries (this is mostly used in frameworks like Struts etc)
An example code is given used in Struts. This we will cover later.

<taglib>
<taglib-uri>/tags/struts-bean</taglib-uri>
<taglib-location>/WEB-INF/struts-bean.tld</taglib-location>
</taglib>

Following are a few important XML elements in web.xml.

<context-param>, <filter-mapping>, <taglib> and <mime-mapping> etc.
Note 1: When a Servlet code is modified and copied to classes folder, each
time it is required to restart the Tomcat server.
Note 2: For every Servlet, there must be an entry in web.xml file with an alias
name.
Deployment Descriptor
 A deployment descriptor (DD) refers to a configuration file
for an artifact that is deployed to some container/engine.

 In the Java Platform, Enterprise Edition, a

descriptor
deployment describes how a component, module or
application (such as a web application or enterprise
application) should be deployed.

 It directs a deployment tool to deploy a module or

application with specific container options, security settings
and describes specific configuration requirements.
Deployment Descriptor
 XML is used for the syntax of these deployment descriptor files.

 For web applications, the deployment descriptor must be called web.xml and
must
reside in the WEB-INF directory in the web application root.

 For Java EE applications, the deployment descriptor must be named application.xml

and must be placed directly in the META- INF directory at the top level of
the application .ear file

 In Java EE, there are two types of deployment descriptors:

1. Java EE deployment descriptors
2. runtime deployment descriptors
Deployment Descriptor
 The Java EE deployment descriptors are defined by the language specification,
whereas the runtime descriptors are defined by the vendor of each container
implementation.

 For example, the web.xml file is a standard Java EE deployment descriptor, specified in
the Java Servlet specification, but the sun- web.xml file contains configuration data
specific to the Sun GlassFish Enterprise Server implementation.

 The web.xml file is located in the WEB-INF directory of your Web application. The first
entry, under the root servlet element in web.xml, defines a name for the servlet and
specifies the compiled class that executes the servlet.
 Deployment Descriptor: web.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> xml header

<!DOCTYPE web-app
PUBLIC "-//Sun Microsystems, Inc.//DTD Web Application 2.3//EN"
"http://java.sun.com/dtd/web-app_2_3.dtd"> Document Type Definition

<web-app> Configures a web application.

<servlet>
<servlet-name>MyServlet</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>MyServlet</servlet-class> Name used to access Java Servlet
<init-param>
<param-name>name</param-name> Name of servlet .java class
<param-value>cxcy</param-value>
</init-param> Used to pass parameters to a servlet from the web.xml file.
</servlet>

<servlet-mapping> Controls behavior of

<servlet-name>MyServlet</servlet-name> Servlet
<url-pattern>/MyServlet</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping> map the servlet to a URL or URL pattern
</web-app>
javax.servlet package
CLASSES: INTERFACES:
1. GenericServlet 1. Servlet
2. ServletInputStream 2. ServletRequest
3. ServletOutputStream 3. ServletResponse
4. ServletRequestWrapper 4. RequestDispatcher
5. ServletResponseWrapper 5. ServletConfig
6. ServletRequestEvent 6. ServletContext
7. ServletContextEvent 7. SingleThreadModel
8. ServletRequestAttributeEvent 8. Filter
9. ServletContextAttributeEvent 9. FilterConfig
10. ServletException 10. FilterChain
11. UnavailableException 11. ServletRequestListener
12. ServletRequestAttributeListener
13. ServletContextListener
14. ServletContextAttributeListener
javax.servlet.http package
CLASSES: INTERFACES:
1. HttpServlet 1. HttpServletRequest
2. Cookie 2. HttpServletResponse
3. HttpServletRequestWrapper 3. HttpSession
4. HttpServletResponseWrapper 4. HttpSessionListener
5. HttpSessionEvent 5. HttpSessionAttributeListener
6. HttpSessionBindingEvent 6. HttpSessionBindingListener
7. HttpUtils (deprecated now) 7. HttpSessionActivationListener
8. HttpSessionContext
(deprecated now)
Types of Servlets
 The servlet example can be created by three ways:

1. By implementing Servlet interface,

2. By inheriting GenericServlet class,(or)
3. By inheriting HttpServlet class

 The mostly used approach is by extending HttpServlet because it provides http request
specific method such as doGet(), doPost(), doHead() etc.
Servlets Interface
 Servlet interface provides common behaviorur to all the servlets. Servlet interface
defines methods that all servlets must implement.

 Servlet interface needs to be implemented for creating any servlet (either directly or
indirectly).

 It provides 3 life cycle methods that are used to initialize the servlet, to service
the requests, and to
destroy the servlet and 2 non-life cycle methods.
Servlets Interface
Method Description

public void init(ServletConfig config) initializes the servlet. It is the life cycle method of servlet
and invoked by the web container only once.

public void service(ServletRequest provides response for the incoming request. It is invoked
request,ServletResponse response) at each request by the web container.

public void destroy() is invoked only once and indicates that servlet is being
destroyed.
public ServletConfig getServletConfig() returns the object of ServletConfig.

public String getServletInfo() returns information about servlet such as writer,

copyright, version etc.
Generic Servlets Class
 GenericServlet class implements Servlet, ServletConfig and Serializable interfaces. It
provides the implementation of all the methods of these interfaces except the
service method.

 GenericServlet class can handle any type of request so it is protocol-independent.

 You may create a generic servlet by inheriting the GenericServlet class and providing the
implementation of the service method.
Methods of GenericServlet
Class
 There are many methods in GenericServlet class. They are as follows:
• public void init(ServletConfig config) is used to initialize the servlet.

• public abstract void service(ServletRequest request, ServletResponse response) provides

service for the incoming request. It is invoked at each time when user requests for a servlet.

• public void destroy() is invoked only once throughout the life cycle and indicates that
servlet is being destroyed.

• public ServletConfig getServletConfig() returns the object of ServletConfig.

• public String getServletInfo() returns information about servlet such as writer, copyright,
version etc.

• public void init() it is a convenient method for the servlet programmers, now there is no need
to call super.init(config)
Methods of GenericServlet
Class
• public ServletContext getServletContext() returns the object of ServletContext.

• public String getInitParameter(String name) returns the parameter value for the given
parameter name.

• public Enumeration getInitParameterNames() returns all the parameters defined in the

web.xml file.

• public String getServletName() returns the name of the servlet object.

• public void log(String msg) writes the given message in the servlet log file.

• public void log(String msg,Throwable t) writes the explanatory message in the servlet log file
and a stack trace.
HTTPServlet Class
 The HttpServlet class extends the GenericServlet class and implements Serializable interface. It
provides http specific methods such as doGet, doPost, doHead, doTrace etc.
 Methods of HttpServlet class

• public void service(ServletRequest req,ServletResponse res) dispatches the request to the protected
service method by converting the request and response object into http type.

• protected void service(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse res) receives the

request from the service method, and dispatches the request to the doXXX() method depending
on the incoming http request type.

• protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse res) handles the GET

request. It
is invoked by the web container.

• protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse res) handles the

POST request. It is invoked by the web container.
HTTPServlet Class
• protected void doHead(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse res) : This
method is used to handle HTTP HEAD requests. It is similar to the doGet() method
but doesn't include the response body. It's often used to retrieve metadata or
headers about a resource without actually fetching the resource's content.

• protected void doOptions(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse res): This

method is used to handle HTTP OPTIONS requests. It provides information about the
communication options available for the target resource. This can include details
about supported HTTP methods, allowed headers, etc.

• protected void doPut(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse res): This method

is used to handle HTTP PUT requests. It is typically used to upload a resource to the
server, replacing any existing resource if one already exists at the specified location.
HTTPServlet Class
• protected void doTrace(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse res): This
method is used to handle HTTP TRACE requests. It's a tool that returns the received
request back to the client. It helps in debugging and understanding how the request
is modified as it travels through various intermediaries.

• protected void doDelete(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse res) This

method is used to handle HTTP DELETE requests. It's used to request the removal of a
resource from the server.

• protected long getLastModified(HttpServletRequest req): This method is used to

determine the last modification timestamp of a resource. It helps in scenarios where
you want to implement caching mechanisms or conditionally serve resources based on
their modification date.
Get Vs Post
GET POST
1) In case of Get request, only limited amount of In case of post request, large amount of data can
data can be sent because data is sent in header. be sent because data is sent in body.

2) Get request is not secured because data is Post request is secured because data is not
exposed in URL bar. exposed in URL bar.
3) Get request can be bookmarked. Post request cannot be bookmarked.

4) Get request is idempotent . It means second Post request is non-idempotent.

request will be ignored until response of first
request is delivered.
5) Get request is more efficient and used more Post request is less efficient and used less than
than Post. get.
6) The length restriction of GET method is There is no restriction in sending the length of
limited (2,048 characters). GET requests can be data.
viewed in browser history.
How to create the Servlet?
1. Servlet (Interface)
a) Init () : void
b) Service(ServletRequest, ServletResponse) :
void
c) Destroy() : void
d) getServletInfo() : String
e) getServletConfig() : String

2. GenericServlet (Abstract Class)

a) Service(ServletRequest,
ServletResponse) : void

3. HttpServlet (Abstract Class)

a) doGet(HttpServletRequest,HttpServletRe
sponse)
b) doPost
Servlets Example
web.xml <servlet-mapping>
<web-app> <servlet-name>MyServletInterface</servlet-
<servlet> name>
<servlet-name>MyServletInterface</servlet-name> <url-pattern>/MyServletInterface</url-
<servlet-class>MyServletInterface</servlet-class> pattern>
</servlet> </servlet-mapping>
<servlet> <servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>MyHTTPServlet</servlet-name> <servlet-name>MyHTTPServlet</servlet-
<servlet-class>MyHTTPServlet</servlet-class> name>
</servlet> <url-pattern>/MyHTTPServlet</url-
<servlet> pattern>
<servlet-name>MyGenericServlet</servlet-name> </servlet-mapping>
<servlet-class>MyGenericServlet</servlet-class> <servlet-mapping>
</servlet> <servlet-name>MyGenericServlet</servlet-
name>
<url-pattern>/MyGenericServlet</url-
pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
<session-config>
<session-timeout>
Servlets Example
Index.html
<body>
<a href="MyServletInterface">Take me to Servlet Interface </a><br>
<a href="MyGenericServlet">Take me to Generic Servlet</a><br>
<a href="MyHTTPServlet">Take me to HTTP Servlet</a>

</body>
Servlets Example
MyServletInterface.java public void destroy(){System.out.println("servlet is destroyed");}
import java.io.IOException; public ServletConfig getServletConfig() {return config;}
import java.io.PrintWriter; public String getServletInfo(){return "copyright 2007-1010";}
import javax.servlet.Servlet; }
import javax.servlet.ServletConfig; import
javax.servlet.ServletException; import
javax.servlet.ServletRequest; import
javax.servlet.ServletResponse;

public class MyServletInterface implements Servlet {

ServletConfig config=null;
public void init(ServletConfig config)
{ this.config=config;
System.out.println("servlet is initialized");
}

public void service (ServletRequest req,ServletResponse res) throws

IOException,ServletException{
res.setContentType("text/html");
PrintWriter out=res.getWriter();
out.print("<html><body>");
out.print("<b>This is service
method of implemented from
Servlets Example
MyGenericServlet.java
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import javax.servlet.GenericServlet;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.ServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.ServletResponse;
public class MyGenericServlet extends
GenericServlet {

@Override
public void service (ServletRequest req,ServletResponse res) throws
IOException,ServletException{

res.setContentType("text/html");

PrintWriter out=res.getWriter();
out.print("<html><body>");
out.print("<b>hello from service method of generic servlet</b>");
out.print("</body></html>");

}
Servlets Example
MyHTTPServlet.java
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;

public class MyHTTPServlet extends HttpServlet {

@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse
response)
throws ServletException, IOException
{ response.setContentType("text/html;charset=UTF-8"); try
(PrintWriter out = response.getWriter()) {
out.println("<!DOCTYPE
html>"); out.println("<html>");
out.println("<head>");
out.println("<title>Servlet MyHTTPServlet</title>");
out.println("</head>");
out.println("<body>");
out.println("<h1>THis is HTTP Servlet</h1>");
out.println("</body>"); out.println("</html>");
Servlets Example
Output
ServletConfig Interface
 An object of ServletConfig is created by the web container for each servlet. This object
can be used to get configuration information from web.xml file.

 If the configuration information is modified from the web.xml file, we don't need to
change the servlet. So it is easier to manage the web application if any specific
content is modified from time to time.

 Advantage of ServletConfig

• The core advantage of ServletConfig is that you don't need to edit the servlet file if
information is modified from the web.xml file.
ServletConfig Interface
 Methods of ServletConfig interface

• public String getInitParameter(String name):Returns the parameter value for

the
specified parameter name.
• public Enumeration getInitParameterNames():Returns an of all the
enumeration
initialization parameter names.

• public String getServletName():Returns the name of the servlet.

• Public ServletContext getServletContext():Returns an ServletContext.

ServletConfig Interface
 How to get the object of ServletConfig

 getServletConfig() method of Servlet interface returns the object of ServletConfig.

 Syntax of getServletConfig() method

• public ServletConfig getServletConfig();
Servlet Context
Interface
 An object of ServletContext is created by the web container at time of deploying the
project. This object can be used to get configuration information from web.xml file. There
is only one ServletContext object per web application.

 If any information is shared to many servlet, it is better to provide it from the web.xml
file using the <context-param> element.

 Advantage of ServletContext

• Easy to maintain if any information is shared to all the servlet, it is better to make it
available for all the servlet. We provide this information from the web.xml file, so if the
information is changed, we don't need to modify the servlet. Thus it removes
maintenance problem.
Usage of ServletContext
Interface
 There can be a lot of usage of ServletContext object. Some of them are as follows:
1. The object of ServletContext provides an interface between the container and servlet.
2. The ServletContextobject can be used to get configuration information from
the
web.xml file.
3. The ServletContext object can be used to set, get or remove attribute from the
web.xml file.
4. The ServletContext object can be used to provide inter-application communication.
Commonly used methods of ServletContext interface
 There is given some commonly used methods of ServletContext interface.

• public String getInitParameter(String name): Returns the parameter value for the
specified parameter name.

• public void setAttribute(String name,Object object): sets the given object in the
application scope.

• public Object getAttribute(String name): Returns the attribute for the specified name.

• public Enumeration getInitParameterNames():Returns the names of the

context's initialization parameters as an Enumeration of String objects.

• public void removeAttribute(String name):Removes the attribute with the given name
from the servlet context.
How to get the object of ServletContext interface
1. getServletContext() method of ServletConfig interface returns the object
of ServletContext.

2. getServletContext() method of GenericServlet class returns the

object of ServletContext.

 Syntax of getServletContext() method:-

 public ServletContext getServletContext()

Difference
ServletConfig ServletContext
ServletConfig object is one per servlet class. ServletContext object is global to the entire
web application.
Object of ServletConfig will be created Object of ServletContext will be created at
during the initialization process of the the time of web application deployment
servlet.

We have to give the request explicitly in ServletContext object can be available even
order to create the ServletConfig object for before giving the first request
the first time

Scope: As long as a servlet is executing, the Scope: As long as a web application is

ServletConfig object will be available, it will executing, the ServletContext object will be
be destroyed once the servlet execution is available, and it will be destroyed once the
completed application is removed from the server
Difference
ServletConfig ServletContext
ServletConfig object is used while only one ServletContext object is used while
servlet requires information shared by it. application requires information shared by
it
getServletConfig() method is used to obtain getServletContext() method is used to
Servletconfig object obtain ServletContext object

In web.xml — <init-param> tag will be In web.xml — <context-param> tag will be

appear under <servlet-class> tag. appear under <web-app> tag.
ServletConfig & ServletContext Example
Web.xml <servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>servlet1</servlet-name>
<servlet>
<url-pattern>/servlet1</url-pattern>
<servlet-name>Servlet1</servlet-name>
</servlet-mapping>
<servlet-class>Servlet1</servlet-class>
<init-param>
<servlet-mapping>
<param-name>programmer</param-name>
<servlet-name>servlet2</servlet-name>
<param-value>Asif</param-value>
<url-pattern>/servlet2</url-pattern>
</init-param>
</servlet-mapping>
</servlet>
<session-config>
<session-timeout>
<servlet>
30
<servlet-name>Servlet2</servlet-name>
</session-timeout>
<servlet-class>Servlet2</servlet-class>
</session-config>
<init-param>
<param-name>programmer</param-name>
<context-param>
<param-value>Ravi</param-value>
<param-name>organisation</param-name>
</init-param>
<param-value>Marwadi Info Tech</param-value>
</servlet>
</context-param>
ServletConfig & ServletContext Example
Index.html
<html>
<head>
<title>TODO supply a title</title>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-
scale=1.0">
</head>
<body>
<a href=“Servlet1"> Click for Servlet1 </a><br>
<a href=“Servlet2"> Click for Servlet2 </a>
</body>
</html>
ServletConfig & ServletContext Example
Servlet1.java
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import javax.servlet.ServletConfig;
import javax.servlet.ServletContext;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import
javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import
javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;

public class Servlet1 extends HttpServlet

{
protected void processRequest(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws
ServletException, IOException {
response.setContentType("text/html;charset=UTF-8");
try (PrintWriter out = response.getWriter()) {

ServletConfig config = getServletConfig();

String developer = config.getInitParameter("programmer");
out.println("This page is developed by " + developer);
ServletConfig & ServletContext Example
Servlet2.java
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import javax.servlet.ServletConfig;
import javax.servlet.ServletContext;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
public class Servlet2 extends HttpServlet {

protected void processRequest(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws

ServletException, IOException {
response.setContentType("text/html;charset=UTF-8"); try
(PrintWriter out = response.getWriter()) {

ServletConfig config = getServletConfig();

String developer = (String)config.getInitParameter("programmer");
out.println("This page is developed by " + developer);

ServletContext context = getServletContext();

String developed_At = (String)context.getInitParameter("organisation");
out.println("This page is developed at " + developed_At);
ServletConfig & ServletContext
Example
Output
Examples
 PROG1 Servlet Life Cycle ( Servlet Interface)
 PROG2 Length of Entered String ( HTTP Servlet using doGet( ))

 PROG3 Area of Circle ( HTTP Servlet using doPost( ))

 PROG4 Add two numbers ( HTTPServlet )

Attributes in Servlet
 Attribute is like a map object that can be used to set or get information from many
servlets.
 An attribute in servlet is an object that can be set, get or removed from one of the
following scopes:
1. Request scope
2. Session scope
3. Application scope
 The servlet programmer can pass information from one servlet to another
using
attributes. It is just like passing object from one class to another so that we can reuse the
Attributes in Servlet
Attributes Specific Methods in
Servlets
 There are 4 Attribute specific methods of ServletRequest, HttpSession and ServletContext
interface.
• public void setAttribute(String name,Object object):sets the given object in the
application
scope.

• public Object getAttribute(String name):Returns the attribute for the

• specified name.
• public Enumeration getInitParameterNames():Returns the names of the context's initialization
parameters as an Enumeration of String objects.

• public void removeAttribute(String name):Removes the attribute with the given name
from
Example: Attributes in Servlet
web.xml </session-config>
<web-app> <context-param>
<servlet> <param-name>org </param-name>
<servlet-name>DemoServlet1</servlet-name> <param-value>MEFGI</param-value>
<servlet-class>DemoServlet1</servlet-class> </context-param>
</servlet>
<servlet> </web-app>
<servlet-name>Servlet2</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>Servlet2</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>DemoServlet1</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/DemoServlet1</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>Servlet2</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/Servlet2</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
<session-config>
<session-timeout>
30
</session-timeout>
Example: Attributes in Servlet
index.html
<html>
<head>
<title>Attribute Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<a href="DemoServlet1">Click Here</a>
</body>
</html>
Example: Attributes in Servlet
DemoServlet1.java
import java.io.IOException;
import javax.servlet.ServletContext;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest; import
javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse; public class
DemoServlet1 extends HttpServlet {

protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws

ServletException, IOException {
response.setContentType("text/html"); PrintWriter out =
response.getWriter(); ServletContext context =
getServletContext();
String o = (String) context.getInitParameter("org");
out.println("Welcome to our organisation " + o);

context.setAttribute("company", "Amazon");
out.println("<a href='Servlet2'>visit</a>");
out.close();

}
}
Example: Attributes in Servlet
Servlet2.java
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import javax.servlet.ServletContext;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import
javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import
javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;

public class Servlet2 extends HttpServlet

{

protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws

ServletException, IOException {
response.setContentType("text/html;charset=UTF-8");
PrintWriter out = response.getWriter(); ServletContext
context = getServletContext(); String n = (String)
context.getAttribute("company");

out.println("Welcome to " + n);

Example: Attributes in Servlet
Output
Request Dispatcher
 The RequestDispatcher interface provides the facility of dispatching the request to another
resource it may be html, servlet or jsp. This interface can also be used to include the content of
another resource also. It is one of the way of servlet collaboration.

 There are two methods defined in the RequestDispatcher interface.

• 1. public void forward(ServletRequestrequest,ServletResponse response)throws
ServletException,java.io.IOException:Forwards a request from a servlet to another resource
(servlet, JSP file, or HTML file) on the server.

• 2. public void request,ServletResponse response)throws

include(ServletRequest the content of a resource (servlet, JSP page, or
ServletException,java.io.IOException:Includes
RequestDispatcher: forward()

Servlet 1
Servlet 2

Step 3:
Response
Response is
generated

Web Client
Response
RequestDispatcher: include()
Step2:
include(req, res)
Servlet 1 Servlet 2

Step3:
Response of
Servlet 2 is
included in the
Response of
Servlet 1

Response
Web Client

Response
Example : Request
Dispatcher
Example : Request
Dispatcher
Web.xml
<servlet>
<servlet-name>LoginCheckServlet</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>LoginCheckServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet>
<servlet-name>WelcomeServlet</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>WelcomeServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>LoginCheckServlet</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/LoginCheckServlet</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>WelcomeServlet</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/WelcomeServlet</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
<session-config>
<session-timeout>
30
</session-timeout>
</session-config>
Example : Request
Dispatcher
index.html
<form action="LoginCheckServlet" method=“post">
Enter Name: <input type="text" name="txtuname"/><br>
Enter Password: <input type="password" name="txtpwd"/><br>
<input type="submit" value="Login"/>
</form>
Example : Request
Dispatcher
LoginCheckServlet.java else {
import java.io.IOException;
out.println("User name or password is wrong.... Re-
import java.io.PrintWriter;
enter");
import javax.servlet.RequestDispatcher;
RequestDispatcher rd =
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
request.getRequestDispatcher("index.html");
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
rd.include(request,respons } }
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
e); } }
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;

public class LoginCheckServlet extends HttpServlet {

@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws
ServletException, IOException {
response.setContentType("text/html;charset=UTF-8"); try
(PrintWriter out = response.getWriter()) {
String unm = request.getParameter("txtuname");
String pass = request.getParameter("txtpwd");

if(unm.equals("abc") && pass.equals("123"))

{
out.println("You're valid user");
RequestDispatcher rd =
request.getRequestDispatcher("WelcomeServlet");
Example : Request
Dispatcher
WelcomeServlet.java
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import
javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import
javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;

public class WelcomeServlet extends

HttpServlet {

protected void processRequest(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)

throws ServletException, IOException
{ response.setContentType("text/html;charset=UTF-8"); try
(PrintWriter out = response.getWriter()) {

out.println("<h1>Welcome " + request.getParameter("txtuname") +

"</h1>");

}
}
Example : Request
Dispatcher
Output

user/password For wrong user/password

For true
SendRedirect Method in
servlet
 The sendRedirect() method of HttpServletResponse can be used to redirect
interface
response to another resource, it may be servlet, jsp or html file.

 It accepts relative as well as absolute URL.

 It works at client side because it uses the url bar of the browser to make another request. So,
it can work inside and outside the server.

 Syntax of sendRedirect() method

public void sendRedirect(String URL)throws IOException;

 Example
response.sendRedirect("http://www.youtube.com");

Check Example GoogleSearch

Difference
forward() method sendRedirect() method
The forward() method works at server The sendRedirect() method works at client
side. side.
It sends the same request and response It always sends a new request.
objects to another servlet.

It can work within the server only. It can be used within and outside the
server.
Example: Example:
request.getRequestDispacher("servlet2"). response.sendRedirect("servlet2");
forward(request,response);
SendRedirect Method in
servlet
Web.xml
<servlet>
<servlet-name>MySearcher</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>MySearcher</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>MySearcher</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/MySearcher</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>

Index.html
<form action=“Servlet1">
<input type="text" name="name">
<input type="submit" value="YouTube
Search">
</form>
SendRedirect Method in
servlet
MySearcher.java
import java.io.IOException;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;

public class MySearcher extends HttpServlet

{ @Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws
ServletException, IOException {

String name=req.getParameter("name");
resp.sendRedirect("https://www.google.co.in/search?q="+name);

//resp.sendRedirect("https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=" + name);
}
}
Filter
 A filter is an object that is invoked at the preprocessing and postprocessing of a
request.

 It is mainly used to perform filtering tasks such as conversion, logging, compression,

encryption and decryption, input validation etc.

 The servlet filter is pluggable, i.e. its entry is defined in the web.xml file, if we
remove the entry of filter from the web.xml file, filter will be removed automatically and
we don't need to change the servlet.

 So maintenance cost will be less.

Filter Example

Web Container
Filter1.java

FilteredServlet.java

request Filter
request
Servlet Program
Filter response
response
WebClient
Filter
 Usage of Filter
• recording all incoming requests
• logs the IP addresses of the computers from which the requests
originate
• conversion
• data compression encryption and decryption
• input validation etc.

 Advantage of Filter
• Filter is pluggable.
• One filter don't have dependency onto another resource.
• Less Maintenance
Filter API
 Like servlet filter have its own API. The javax.servlet package contains the

three interfaces of Filter API.

 1.Filter Interface

 2.FilterChain Interface

 3.FilterConfig
1. Filter Interface
 For creating any filter, you must implement the Filter interface. Filter interface
provides the life cycle methods for a filter.

1. public void init(FilterConfig config)

 init() method is invoked only once. It is used to initialize the filter.

2. public void doFilter(HttpServletRequest request,HttpServletResponse response,

FilterChain chain)
 doFilter() method is invoked every time when user request to any resource,
to which the filter is mapped.It is used to perform filtering tasks.

3. public void destroy()

 This is invoked only once when filter is taken out of the service.
2. FilterChain interface
 The object of FilterChain is responsible to invoke the next filter or resource in the
chain. This object is passed in the doFilter method of Filter interface.

 The FilterChain interface contains only one method:

• public void doFilter(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response): it

passes the control to the next filter or resource.
3. FilterConfig
 An object of FilterConfig is created by the web container. This object can be used to
get
the configuration information from the web.xml file.

 Methods of FilterConfig interface

• There are following 4 methods in the FilterConfig interface.

• public void init(FilterConfig config): init() method is invoked only once it is used to initialize
the filter.

• public String getInitParameter(String parameterName): Returns the parameter value for

the specified parameter name.

• public java.util.Enumeration getInitParameterNames(): Returns an enumeration

containing
all the parameter names.
Declaring a Servlet Filter inside Deployment Descriptor
Example Filter
Web.xml
<filter>
<filter-name>f1</filter-name>
<filter-class>NewFilter1</filter-class>
</filter>
<filter-mapping>
<filter-name>f1</filter-name>
<url-pattern>/NewServlet</url-pattern>
</filter-mapping>
<servlet>
<servlet-name>NewServlet</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>NewServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>NewServlet</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/NewServlet</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
Example Filter
Index.html
<html>
<head>
<title>Filter</title>
</head>
<body>
<a href=“NewServlet">click here</a>
</body>

</html>
Example Filter
NewServlet.java

import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import
javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import
javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;

public class NewServlet extends HttpServlet { public

void doGet(HttpServletRequest request,
HttpServletResponse response)
throws ServletException, IOException {

response.setContentType("text/html");

PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();

out.println("<br>welcome to servlet<br>");

}
 Example Filter
NewFilter1.java
import java.io.*;
import javax.servlet.Filter; import
javax.servlet.FilterChain; import
javax.servlet.FilterConfig;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.ServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.ServletResponse;

public class NewFilter1 implements Filter

{ @Override
public void doFilter(ServletRequest request, ServletResponse response, FilterChain chain) throws IOException,
ServletException {
PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();

out.print("filter is invoked before");//exe. with request

chain.doFilter(request, response);//send request to nextresource

out.print("filter is invoked after");//exe. with response }

}
}
Example Filter

NewFilter1.java [executed with request]

NewServlet.java [Servlet code]
NewFilter1.java [executed with response]
Example Filter
Session Tracking in
Servlets
 Session simply means a particular interval of time. Session Tracking is a way to maintain
state (data) of an user. It is also known as session management in servlet.

 Http protocol is a stateless so we need to maintain state using session tracking techniques.
Each time user requests to the server, server treats the request as the new request. So we
need to maintain the state of an user to recognize to particular user.

 HTTP is stateless that means each request is considered as the new request.

 Why use Session Tracking?

 Torecognize the user It is used to recognize the particular user.
Session Tracking Techniques
 There are four techniques used in Session
tracking:

1. Cookies

2. Hidden Form Field

3. URL Rewriting

4. HttpSession
Cookies in Servlet
 A cookie is a small piece of information that is persisted between the
multiple client requests.
Cookies in Servlet
 A cookie has a name, a single value, and optional attributes such as a comment,
path and domain qualifiers, a maximum age, and a version number.

 By default, each request is considered as a new request (because HTTP is stateless).

In cookies technique, we add cookie with response from the servlet.

 So cookie is stored in the cache of the browser.

 After that if request is sent by the user, cookie is added with request by default. Thus, we
recognize the user as the old user.
Cookies
 Types of Cookie There are 2 types of cookies in servlets.
1. Non-persistent cookie
 It is valid for single session only. It is removed each time when user closes the browser.2.
2. Persistent cookie
 It is valid for multiple session . It is not removed each time when user closes the browser.
It is
removed only if user logout or signout.
 Advantage of Cookies
• Simplest technique of maintaining the state.
• Cookies are maintained at client side.
 Disadvantage of Cookies
• It will not work if cookie is disabled from the browser.
Cookies
 Cookie class

 javax.servlet.http.Cookie class provides the functionality of using cookies. It

 provides a lot of useful methods for cookies.

 Constructor of Cookie class

Constructor Description
Cookie() constructs a cookie.
Cookie(String name, String value) constructs a cookie with
a
specified name and value.
Cookies
 Useful Methods of Cookie class

 There are given some commonly used methods of the Cookie

class.
Method Description
public void setMaxAge(int expiry) Sets the maximum age of the cookie in
seconds.
public String getName() Returns the name of the cookie. The
name cannot be changed after creation.

public String getValue() Returns the value of the cookie.

public void setName(String name) changes the name of the cookie.

public void setValue(String value) changes the value of the cookie.

Cookies
 Other methods required for using Cookies:-

1.public void addCookie(Cookie ck):method of HttpServletResponse

 interface is used to add cookie in response object.

2. public Cookie[] getCookies():method of HttpServletRequest interface is used to return

all the cookies from the browser.

 How to create Cookie?

 Cookie ck=new Cookie("user","aarav"); //creating cookie object

 response.addCookie(ck); //adding cookie in the response

Cookies
 How to delete Cookie?

 It is mainly used to logout or signout the user.

 Cookie ck=new Cookie("user",""); //deleting value of cookie

 ck.setMaxAge(0); //changing the maximum age to 0 seconds

 response.addCookie(ck); //adding cookie in the response

 Cookies can be removed by setting its expiration time to 0 or -1. If expiration time set
to 0 than cookie will be removed immediately. If expiration time set to -1 than cookie will
be removed when browser closed.
Cookies
 How to get Cookies?
 sample code to get all the cookies names and values.

 Cookie ck[]=request.getCookies();

 for(int i=0;i<ck.length;i++){

 out.print("<br>"+ck[i].getName()+" "+ck[i].getValue());

 }
Session Tracking Techniques
 Check Program cookie
Cookie Example
Web.xml
Index.html
<servlet>
<form action=“FirstServlet" method="post">
<description>abcd</description>
Name:<input type="text"
<display-name>abcd</display-name>
name="userName"/><br/>
<servlet-name>Servlet1</servlet-name>
<input type="submit" value="go"/>
<servlet-class>FirstServlet</servlet-class>
</form>
</servlet>
<servlet>
<description>xyz</description>
<display-name>xyz</display-name>
<servlet-name>SecondServlet</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>SecondServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>Servlet1</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/servlet1</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>SecondServlet</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/servlet2</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
<welcome-file-list>
<welcome-file>index.html</welcome-file>
</welcome-file-list>
Cookie Example
FirstServlet.java
import java.io.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;
public class FirstServlet extends HttpServlet {
public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse
response){
try{
response.setContentType("text/html");
PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();
String n=request.getParameter("userName");
out.print("Welcome "+n);

Cookie ck=new Cookie("uname",n);//creating cookie object

response.addCookie(ck);//adding cookie in the response

out.print("<form action=‘SecondServlet' method='post'>");

out.print("<input type='submit' value='go'>");
out.print("</form>");
out.close();
}catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);} } }
Cookie Example
SecondServlet.java
import java.io.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;

public class SecondServlet extends HttpServlet {

@Override
public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse
response){
try{

response.setContentType("text/html");
PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();

Cookie ck[]=request.getCookies();
out.print("Hello "+ck[0].getValue());
out.close();
}catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}
} }
Cookie Example
Hidden Form Field
 In case of Hidden Form Field a hidden (invisible) textfield is used for maintaining the
state of an user.

 In such case, we store the information in the hidden field and get it from another
servlet. This approach is better if we have to submit form in all the pages and we don't
want to depend on the browser.

 <input type="hidden" name="uname" value=“Ravi">

 Here, uname is the hidden field name and Ravi is the hidden field value.
 Real application of hidden form field
 It is widely used in comment form of a website. In such case, we store page id or
page name in the hidden field so that each page can be uniquely
identified.
Hidden Form Field
 The welcome-file-list element of web-app, is used to define a list of welcome files.
Its sub element is welcome-file that is used to define the welcome file.

 A welcome file is the file that is invoked automatically by the server, if you don't
specify any file name.

 By default server looks for the welcome file in following order:

1. welcome-file-list in web.xml
2. index.html
3. index.htm
4. index.jsp
 If none of these files are found, server renders 404 error.
Hidden Form Field
 Hidden Form Fields Real-world application examples:
• To remember user identity during sessions of email-operations.
• While developing shopping cart applications in online shopping websites where items
selected by end-user generating multiple requests will be remembered.
• To remember user identity during an e-commerce session.
• To remember credit card/debit card details during a session while performing the web-
based online transactions.
• To remember player identity while playing online games.
• To remember customer identity while performing online stock brokerage.
• To remember end-user choices and interests towards the look and appearance of web
pages if the website allows customizing the look and appearance.
• To render direct advertisements on websites.
Hidden Form Field
 Advantage of Hidden Form Field:

• It will always work whether cookie is disabled or not.

 Disadvantage of Hidden Form Field:

• It is maintained at server side.

• Extra form submission is required on each pages.
• Only textual information can be used.
• The hidden box values of the form page can be viewed using the source code of
the web page. That means there is no security (data secrecy is not there).
URL Rewriting
 In URL rewriting, we append a token or identifier to the URL of the next Servlet or the
next resource.

 We can send parameter name/value pairs using the format:

following
url?name1=value1&name2=value2&??
 A name and a value is separated using an equal = sign, a parameter name/value
pair is
separated from another parameter using the ampersand(&).

 When the user clicks the hyperlink, the parameter name/value pairs will be passed to
the server. From a Servlet, we can use getParameter() method to obtain a parameter value.
URL Rewriting
 Advantage of URL Rewriting

• It will always work whether cookie is disabled or not

(browser independent).
• Extra form submission is not required on each pages.

 Disadvantage of URL Rewriting

• It will work only with links.

• It can send Only textual information.
URL Rewriting
 Check Program urlrewritting
HttpSession interface
 In such case, container creates a session id for each user. The container uses this id to
identify the particular user. An object of HttpSession can be used to perform two tasks:
1. bind objects
2. view and manipulate information about a session, such as the
session identifier, creation time, and last accessed time.

Check Program HttpSession

HttpSession interface
 1. On client's first request, the Web Container
generates a unique session ID and gives it back to the
client with response. This is a temporary session
created by web container.

 2. The client sends back the session ID with each

request. Making it easier for the web container to
identify where the request is coming from.

 3. The Web Container uses this ID, finds the

matching session with the ID and associates the
session with the request.
HttpSession interface
 The HttpServletRequest interface provides two methods to get the object of HttpSession:

 public HttpSession getSession():Returns the current session associated with this request, or if the request does not
have a session, creates one.
 public HttpSession getSession(boolean create):Returns the current HttpSession associated with this request or, if
there is no current session and create is true, returns a new session.

 Commonly used methods of HttpSession interface

 public String getId():Returns a string containing the unique identifier value.
 public long getCreationTime():Returns the time when this session was created, measured in milliseconds since
midnight January 1, 1970 GMT.
 public long getLastAccessedTime():Returns the last time the client sent a request associated with this session, as the
number of milliseconds since midnight January 1, 1970 GMT.
 public void invalidate():Invalidates this session then unbinds any objects bound to it.
HttpSession Example
Web.xml Index.html
<web-app> <form action=" FirstServlet">
<servlet> Name:<input type="text" name="userName"/><br/>
<servlet-name>s1</servlet-name> <input type="submit" value="go"/>
<servlet-class>FirstServlet</servlet-class> </form>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>s1</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/servlet1</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>

<servlet>
<servlet-name>s2</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>SecondServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>

<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>s2</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/servlet2</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>

</web-app>
HttpSession Example
FirstServlet.java
import java.io.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;

public class FirstServlet extends HttpServlet {

public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response){ try{
response.setContentType("text/html"); PrintWriter out =
response.getWriter();

String n=request.getParameter("userName"); out.print("Welcome "+n);

HttpSession session=request.getSession();
session.setAttribute("uname",n);

out.print("<br><a href=‘SecondServlet'>visit</a>"); out.close();

}catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}
}}
HttpSession Example
SecondServlet.java
import java.io.*; import
javax.servlet.*;
import
javax.servlet.http.*;

public class
SecondServlet extends
HttpServlet {
public void
doGet(HttpServletRequ
est request,
HttpServletResponse
response){
try{ response.setContentType("text/html");
PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();

HttpSession session=request.getSession(false); String

n=(String)session.getAttribute("uname");
out.println("Hello "+n);

String n1=(String)session.getAttribute("uname");
out.println("Hi "+n1);
HttpSession Example
Servlet Event
 Servlet context-level (application-level) event:

 It involves resources or state held at the extent of the application servlet

context
object.
 Session-level event:

 It involves resources or state related to the series of requests from one user

session; that's, related to the HTTP session object.

Event classes & Event
Interfaces
The event classes are as follows: The event interfaces are as
follows:
1. ServletRequestEvent 1. ServletRequestListener
2. ServletContextEvent 2. ServletRequestAttributeListener
3. ServletRequestAttributeEvent 3. ServletContextListener
4. ServletContextAttributeEvent 4. ServletContextAttributeListener
5. HttpSessionEvent 5. HttpSessionListener
6. HttpSessionBindingEvent 6. HttpSessionAttributeListener
7. HttpSessionBindingListener
8. HttpSessionActivationListener
HttpSessionEvent and
HttpSessionListener
 The HttpSessionEvent is notified when session object is changed. The corresponding Listener
interface for this event is HttpSessionListener.

 We can perform some operations at this event such as counting total and current logged-in users, maintaing a
log of user details such as login time, logout time etc.

 Methods of HttpSessionListener interface

1. public void sessionCreated(HttpSessionEvent e): is invoked when session object is

created.

2. public void sessionDestroyed(HttpSessionEvent e): is invoked when session is invalidated.

ServletContextEvent
 The ServletContextEvent is notified when web application is deployed on the server.

 If you want to perform some action at the time of deploying the web application such as creating database
connection, creating all the tables of the project etc, you need to implement ServletContextListener interface and
provide the implementation of its methods.

 Constructor of ServletContextEvent class

 ServletContextEvent(ServletContext e)

 Method of ServletContextEvent class

 public ServletContext getServletContext(): returns the instance of
 ServletContext.
ServletContextEvent
 Methods of ServletContextListener interface
 There are two methods declared in the ServletContextListener interface which must
be implemented by the servlet programmer to perform some action such as
creating database
connection etc.
 public void contextInitialized(ServletContextEvent e): is invoked when application is
deployed on the server.

 public void contextDestroyed(ServletContextEvent e): is invoked when application is

undeployed from the server.
HttpSessionEvent & Listener Demo
web.xml <servlet-mapping>
<servlet> <servlet-name>Logout</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/Logout</url-pattern>
<servlet-name>First</servlet-name> </servlet-mapping>
<servlet-class>First</servlet-class> <listener>
<listener-class>CountUserListener</listener-class>
</servlet> </listener>
<servlet>
<servlet-name>Logout</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>Logout</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>First</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/First</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
HttpSessionEvent & Listener Demo
 CountUserListener.java public void sessionDestroyed(HttpSessionEvent e)
{ current--;
import javax.servlet.ServletContext; ctx.setAttribute("currentusers",current);
import javax.servlet.http.HttpSessionEvent; } }

import javax.servlet.http.HttpSessionListener;
public class CountUserListener implements
HttpSessionListener{ ServletContext ctx=null;
static int total=0,current=0;
public void sessionCreated(HttpSessionEvent e) {
total++;
current++;
ctx=e.getSes
sion().get
ServletCo
ntext();
HttpSessionEvent & Listener Demo
 First.java
out.print("<br>total users= "+t);
import java.io.IOException; import java.io.PrintWriter;
out.print("<br>current users= "+c);
import javax.servlet.*; import javax.servlet.http.*;
out.print("<br><a href='Logout'>logout</a>");
public class First extends HttpServlet {
out.close(); } }
public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
throws ServletException, IOException {
response.setContentType("text/html");
PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();
String n=request.getParameter("username");
out.print("Welcome "+n);
HttpSession session=request.getSession();
session.setAttribute("uname",n);
ServletContext ctx=getServletContext(); //retrieving data from ServletContext object
int t=(Integer)ctx.getAttribute("totalusers");
int c=(Integer)ctx.getAttribute("currentusers");
HttpSessionEvent & Listener Demo
Logout.java
import java.io.IOException; import java.io.PrintWriter;
import javax.servlet.*; import javax.servlet.http.*;
public class Logout extends HttpServlet {
public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
throws ServletException, IOException {
response.setContentType("text/html");
PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();
HttpSession session=request.getSession(false);
session.invalidate();//invalidating session
out.print("You are successfully logged out");
out.close(); }}
HttpSessionEvent & Listener Demo
 Output
HttpSessionEvent & Listener Demo
 Output
Find MVC in Registration Form
Mini Project
 Chat Application Demo.

 Create Login and Registration Form using HTTPServlet with validation and

database connection.
END OF UNIT
-3