Introduction to

Computer
Fundamentals
SUBMITTED TO : Ms. Neha Mathur

PRESENTED BY: ASHISH, DIVYANSH KHATTAR

 Introduction
• A computer is an electronic device that processes data
to perform tasks according to a set of instructions. It
is a versatile and programmable machine capable of
executing a wide range of operations

• Computers are integral to daily activities, from

personal use to complex industrial processes, serving
as essential tools for communication, information
processing, and problem-solving.
• Key components include the central processing unit
(CPU), memory, storage devices, input and output
devices, and the motherboard.
 Characteristics of a Computer

1 Speed 2 Accuracy 3 Versatility

Computers can execute Computers perform tasks Computers can be
tasks at high speeds, with a high degree of programmed to perform a
processing large amounts accuracy, minimizing wide range of tasks,
of data in a short time. errors. making them versatile
tools.

4 Automation 5 Storage
Computers can automate repetitive tasks, Computers can store and retrieve vast amounts
enhancing efficiency. of data.
Limitations of Computers
• Lack of Creativity: Computers lack human creativity and innovation.
• Dependence on Instructions: Computers rely on precise instructions; they cannot think independently.

• Need for Maintenance: Regular maintenance is required to ensure optimal performance.

• Vulnerability to Malware: Computers are susceptible to viruses and malware, requiring security measures.

• Potential for Errors: Computers are precise in executing instructions, but they are also susceptible to
errors. These errors can occur due to hardware malfunctions, software bugs, or incorrect input.
Generations of Computers
• First Generation (1940s-1950s):

Evolution from vacuum tubes to room-sized machines. Bulky, unreliable, and generated a significant amount of
heat. Operated in machine language.

Examples: ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer).

• Second Generation (1950s-1960s):

Introduction of transistors; smaller and more powerful computers. Smaller, more reliable, and more energy-efficient
than first-generation computers. Assembly languages and high-level programming languages were used.

Examples: IBM 1401, IBM 7090.

• Third Generation (1960s-1970s):

Integrated circuits; minicomputers and mainframes. Significant reduction in size and cost compared to previous
generations .Introduction of minicomputers and time-sharing systems. High-level programming languages became
more prevalent

Examples: IBM System/360, DEC PDP-8.

• Fourth Generation (1970s-1980s):

Microprocessors; personal computers and mobile devices. Dramatic increase in processing speed and decrease in
size. Personal computers (PCs) became widely available. Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) and networking
technologies introduced.

Examples: IBM PC, Apple Macintosh.

• Fifth Generation (1980s-Present):

VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) , Artificial intelligence and supercomputers. Continued miniaturization of
components and increased processing power. Emphasis on parallel processing, AI, and natural language processing.
Integration of advanced technologies like virtual reality and machine learning. Ongoing advancements in modern
computing.

Examples: Modern desktops, laptops, and smartphones.

Components of a computer:
CPU Memory
The CPU, often referred to as the "brain" of the The memory of a computer refers to the storage
computer, is the primary hardware component systems used to store data temporarily or
responsible for executing instructions of a permanently for processing by the central
computer program. processing unit (CPU).

Storage Devices Input & Output Devices

Storage devices in a computer system are used to Physical devices that enable interaction with the
store and retrieve data and information. There are computer. Input and output devices are essential
various types of storage devices, each with its own components of computer systems, facilitating
characteristics and use cases communication between the user and the compute
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the primary component of a computer responsible for executing instructions
and performing calculations. It acts as the "brain" of the computer, interpreting and carrying out instructions from
software programs.
It is made up of two components:

1. Control Unit (CU):

• Manages and coordinates the activities of the CPU.

• Decodes instructions, determines which operations to perform, and directs data flow within the CPU and
between other components.

2. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU):

• Performs arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division) and logical operations
(AND, OR, NOT) based on instructions from the control unit.
• The ALU's ability to execute these operations forms the foundation for the CPU's ability to perform a wide
range of tasks, from basic arithmetic calculations to complex logical and conditional operations in computer
programs.
Memory Unit and Types:
The memory unit of a computer refers to the storage system that is used to store and retrieve data for processing by
the central processing unit (CPU). There are several types of memory in a computer, each serving different
purposes. Here are the main types:

Primary Memory:

• Also known as main memory, is a type of volatile memory that is directly accessible by the central
processing unit (CPU). It serves as the working storage for the computer, temporarily holding data and
instructions that the CPU is actively using during operations.
• It's is of two types: RAM and ROM
• RAM (Random Access Memory): It is a type of volatile memory in a computer that provides temporary
storage for data and program code that the CPU is actively using. It allows for quick read and write access,
enabling rapid retrieval and modification of data during the computer's operation. RAM is crucial for
multitasking and running applications simultaneously.
• ROM (Read-Only Memory): It is a type of non-volatile memory that retains its contents even when the
power is turned off. Unlike RAM, ROM is primarily used for storing firmware, essential system
instructions, and the BIOS/UEFI. The data in ROM is pre-written during manufacturing and is generally not
modified during regular computer operations.
Secondary Memory:

• It refers to non-volatile storage devices that provide long-term storage for data and programs. Unlike
primary memory, the contents of secondary memory persist even when the power is turned off.
• Common examples of secondary memory devices include hard disk drives (HDDs), solid-state drives
(SSDs), USB flash drives, and optical discs (e.g., CDs, DVDs).
• Secondary memory is typically used for storing the operating system, applications, user files, and other data
that needs to be retained beyond the current session. It provides high-capacity, persistent storage for the
computer.
• Hard Disk Drive (HDD):
• Offers high-capacity storage at a relatively lower cost.
• Non-volatile storage device that uses magnetic storage to store data on rotating disks

• Solid-State Drive (SSD):

• Non-volatile storage device that uses flash memory for faster read/write speeds.
• More durable and energy-efficient than HDDs.
• USB Flash Drive:
• Portable, non-volatile storage device using flash memory.
• Commonly used for data transfer and backup.
Input Devices
• Input devices are hardware components that allow users to interact with a computer by providing data or
commands. These devices enable the entry of information into the computer system, facilitating
communication between users and the machine
• Input devices come in various forms, including keyboards, mice, touchscreens, and voice recognition
systems. Each device is designed for specific tasks and preferences, offering a diverse range of input
methods to accommodate different user needs.
• Input devices are crucial for user interaction with computers, contributing to efficiency, accessibility, and
innovation. They play a key role in tasks such as data entry, navigation, and control, shaping the overall
user experience and influencing productivity.
• Examples:- Keyboard, Mouse, Touchscreen, Trackpad, Joystick, Scanner, Microphone, Webcam, Graphics
Tablet, Game Controller
Output Devices
Output devices are hardware components that present information generated by a computer to the user in various
forms. These devices convey processed data and results, completing the communication loop between the computer
and the user.

Output devices encompass diverse options, including monitors (displays), printers, speakers, and projectors. Each
device serves a specific purpose, delivering visual, audio, or hard-copy output to users based on the nature of the
information being presented.

Crucial for conveying results and feedback, output devices significantly impact the overall user experience.
Monitors display graphical interfaces, printers produce hard copies of documents, and speakers deliver audio
content, collectively shaping how users perceive and interact with the computer's output.

Examples: Monitor, Printer, Speaker, Projector, Headphones, Plotter, Braille Display, Haptic Feedback Devices, 3D
Printer, LED Lights and Indicators.
THANK YOU

MADE BY ASHISH, DIVYANSH KHATTAR