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CH 9

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21 views12 pages

CH 9

Uploaded by

Hayna tine
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 9

Correlational Research Designs


• What are correlational research designs, and why are they used in
behavioral research.
• What patterns of association can occur between two quantitative
variables?
• What is the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient? What
are its uses and limitations?
• How does the chi-square statistic assess association?
• What is multiple regression, and what are its uses in correlational
research design?
• How can correlational data be used to make inferences about the
causal relationships among measured variables? What are the
limitation of correlational designs in doing so?
• What are the best uses for correlational design?
Statistical Assessment of Relationships
Data
Are the data quantitative or nominal?
quantitative nominal
Do you have more than two predictor variables? Do you have more than two predictor variables?

No Yes No Yes

Correlation Analysis: r Chi-Square Analysis: 2

Regression Analysis: R Log-Linear Analysis


Logistic Regression
The Correlation Coefficient
for Association among Quantitative Variables
College
Scatterplot GPA

A graph in which the x axis indicates 4.0


the scores on the predictor variable
and the y axis represents the scores
on the outcome variable. A point is 3.0
plotted for each individual at the
intersection of their scores. 2.0
Regression Line
1.0
A line in which the squared distances
of the points from the line are
minimized. (least square methods)
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
High School
GPA
Linear Relationships and Nonliniar Relationships
Y Y

Positive Linear X Negative Linear X


Y Y Y

Curvilinear X Curvilinear X Independent X


The Pearson Correlation Coefficient

Calculation
Esteem 1 Esteem 2
1 4 (4-3)/0.8 =1.67 4 r =  Z X ZY 
2 4 3 N 1 [(4-3)(4-2.4)]2 + ...

 ( X  X )(Y  Y )
3 3 2 2

4 2 2 = i i

[ ( X  X ) ][ (Y  Y )
2 2
]
5 2 1
(4-3)2 + ... (4-2.4)2 + ...
Mean 3 2.4 4+4+3+2+2
4 x 4 + 4 x 3 + ... 4+3+2+2+1
Sesteem1 = 0.8 Sesteem2=1.04  X  Y 
 XY  N 5
=   X 2
   Y 2

 X 
2
  Y 
2

Task 1: compute r  N   N 

4 x 4 + 4 x 4 + 3 x 3 ... 4 x 4 + 3 x 3 + 2 x 2 ...
Interpretation of r
-1< r <1

If the relationship between X and Y are positive: 0<r<1


If the relationship between X and Y are negative: -1 < r < 0

If p-value associated with the r is < .05


The variable X and Y are significantly correlate to each other.
Positively: 0 < r < 1, Negatively -1 < r < 0

If p-value associated with the r is >. 05

There is no significant correlation between X and Y


Reporting Correlations

r(Number of Participants) = Correlation Coefficient r, p < p value.

“ As predicted by the research hypothesis, the variable of optimism


and reported health behavior were (significantly) positively correlated
in the sample (the data), r(20) = .52, p < .01
Limitation
1. Cases in which the correlation between X and Y that have
curvilinier relationships r=0

2. Cases in which the range of variables is restricted.

Example. SAT scores and college GPA Restriction of Range

3. Cases in which the data have outliers r > |.99|


Limitation (visual)

Curviliniar Small Range Outlier


The Chi-square Statistic
for Association among nominal variables

Yes No
Northerner 30 (.15) 70 (.35) 100 (.50)
45 (.225) 55 (.275)
Southerner 60 (.30) 40 (.20) 100 (.50)
45 (.225) 55 (.275)
90 (.45)110 (.55) 200 (1.00)

( fo  fe )2
fe  Row marginal X Column marginal
N X=  f
e

2 =
(30  45) 2 (70  55) 2 (60  45) 2 (40  55) 2
  
Task 2 computation 2 22.5 27.5 22.5 27.5
Interpretation of 2
•Go to Table E in Appendix E.

•Degree of Freedom (df):


(Level of variable 1 - 1) X (Level of variable 2 -1)
•Number of Participants
•See the value at the intersection between Alpha p < .05 and df

If 2 is greater than the value in Table E, the contingency table


is significantly differ from the expectation.

If 2 is greater than the value in Table E, the contingency table


is not significantly differ from the expectation.
Reporting Chi-Square Statistic

2 (degree of freedom (df), Number of Participants(N)) =


Chi value, p < p value

As predicted by the research hypothesis, the southerners were more


likely to approve of a policeman striking an adult male citizen who
was being questioned as a suspect in a murder case, 2(1, N =30) =
34.23, p < .01

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