Your IDEA Name

Submitted in Partial Fulfillment for the Smart India Hackathon

of
Raman Munjal Vidya Mandir, Gurugram

Guided by: Submitted by:

MR. UMESH KUMAR SHARMA ASHUTOSH KUMAR (18EAREC016)
(Assistant Professor)
Contents
 Fundamentals of Communication
 Fundamentals of Optical Communication
 Construction and Type of Cables
 Light Sources ,Detectors and Receivers
 Optical Fiber Measurements Instruments
 Optical System Design
 Fiber Splicing
 Advantage of Optical Fiber communication
 Disadvantage of Optical Fiber communication
 Future Scope
 References
 Fundamentals of Communication

Transmitter Channel Receiver

Information source Destination

• Transmitter is a set of equipment used to generate and transmit

electromagnetic waves carrying messages or signals, especially those of radio
or television.
• Receiver is a hardware module or device used to receive signals of different
kinds, depending on the context of the application. It is the device that
receives and decodes signals and then conditions or transforms them into
something that another machine or computer understands.
Fundamentals of Optical Communication

 Optical fiber communication is a communication method in which light is

used as an information carrier and optical fiber is used as a transmission
medium.
 First, an electrical signal is converted into an optical signal, and then an
optical signal is transmitted through the optical fiber, which is a type of
wired communication. The light can be carried after being modulated.
 In principle, the basic material elements that make up fiber optic
communication are fiber optics, light sources, and photodetectors.
 At the transmitting end, the transmitted information (such as voice) is first
converted into an electrical signal, and then modulated onto the laser beam
emitted by the laser, so that the intensity of the light changes with the
amplitude (frequency) of the electrical signal, and passes through the optical
fiber.
 The principle of total reflection is transmitted; at the receiving end, after
receiving the optical signal, the detector converts it into an electrical signal,
and after demodulation, restores the original information.
Construction of Optical fiber

 Core: This is the physical medium that transports optical signals from an
attached light source to a receiving device. The core is a single continuous
strand of high-purity glass or plastic whose diameter is measured in microns
(less than the diameter of a human hair). The larger the core, the more light
the cable can carry, which correlates to a higher data transfer rate.
 Cladding: This is a thin layer that is extruded over the core and serves as the
boundary that contains the light waves (more on this later), enabling data to
travel through the length of the fiber.
 Coating: This is a plastic coating over the cladding to reinforce the fiber
core, help absorb shocks, and provide extra protection against excessive
cable bends. It does not have any effect on the optical waveguide properties,
though.
Type of Optical fiber Cables
 The types of optical fibers depend on the refractive index, materials used, and mode of
propagation of light.
 The classification based on the refractive index is as follows:
 Step Index Fibers: It consists of a core surrounded by the cladding, which has a single
uniform index of refraction.
 Graded Index Fibers: The refractive index of the optical fiber decreases as the radial
distance from the fiber axis increases.
 The classification based on the materials used is as follows:
 Plastic Optical Fibers: The polymethylmethacrylate is used as a core material for the
transmission of the light.
 Glass Fibers: It consists of extremely fine glass fibers.
 The classification based on the mode of propagation of light is as follows:
 Single-Mode Fibers: These fibers are used for long-distance transmission of signals.
 Multimode Fibers: These fibers are used for short-distance transmission of signals.
Light Sources ,Detectors and Receivers

 A device used in an optical transmission system to detect an optical signal

generated by a light source and propagating through a medium. A light
detector essentially is an optical receiver that is paired with an optical
transmitter, both of which are connected to electrically based devices or
systems.
 Semiconductor photodiodes are the most commonly used detectors in
optical fiber systems since they provide good performance, are compatible
with optical fibers (being small in size), and are of relatively low cost.
 The main function of the receiver is to change an optical data signal back to
an electrical signal. This is a semiconductor photodiode in photodetector in
current FOC system.
 The fiber optic source used in the transmitter is LED otherwise laser source
& electronics for signal conditioning is mainly used for adding a signal into
fiber. The receiver in fiber optic captures the light signal from a FOC, and
decodes the binary information and transmits it into an electrical signal .
Optical Fiber Measurements Instruments
Fiber Optic Power Meters
Fiber optic power meters measure the average optical power out of an optical fiber.
Power meters typically consist of a solid state detector (silicon for short wavelength
systems, germanium or InGaAs for long wavelength systems), signal conditioning
circuitry and a digital display of power. To interface to the large variety of fiber optic
connectors in use, some form of removable connector adapter is usually provided.
Optical System Design
Optical system design is the process of determining a variety of data on the basis of use
conditions and meets the application imaging quality use requirements, which is,
determining the performance parameters of the optical system, the overall dimensions
and the structure of the optical element group, etc
Optical Systems
• Objective Lenses
• Scan Lenses
• Tube Lenses.
• Beam Expanders.
• Camera Lenses.
There are there main types of optical systems used in optical comparators:
• simple optics
• corrected optics
• fully corrected optics.
Fiber splicing
Fiber optic splicing involves joining two fiber optic cables together
• The other, more common, method of joining fibers is called termination or
connectorization. Fiber splicing typically results in lower light loss and back reflection
than termination making it the preferred method when the cable runs are too long for a
single length of fiber or when joining two different types of cable together.
• Splicing is also used to restore fiber optic cables when a buried cable is accidentally
severed.

There are two methods of fiber optic splicing.

• Mechanical Splicing:
Mechanical splices are simply alignment devices, designed to
hold the two fiber ends in a precisely aligned position thus enabling light to pass from
one fiber into the other.
• Fusion Splicing:
In fusion splicing a machine is used to precisely align the two fiber ends then the glass
ends are "fused" or "welded" together using some type of heat or electric arc.
Advantage of Optical Fiber communication
 Secure Communication:
Fiber optic cabling is considered one of the most secure means of communication.
 Electromagnetic Compatibility:
Fiber optic cabling is resistant to many of the outside forces that degrade copper
cabling. In areas such as industrial facilities where large motors, controllers, and
air conditioners are constantly starting and stopping, fiber optic cabling is highly
recommended.
 Speed:
Fiber-optic cabling is many times faster than traditional copper cabling. The small
diameter glass fibers can support bandwidth speeds in-excess of 10-gigabit speeds
per strand.
 Distance:
Fiber cable is the ideal means for long-distance, point-to-point hardline
communications. The 328ft limit on traditional copper cabling restricts long-
distance communication requiring the need of additional equipment to extend the
signal.
Disadvantage of Optical Fiber communication

Low power
Light emitting sources are limited to low power. Although high power
emitters are available to improve power supply, it would add extra cost.
Fragility
Optical fiber is rather fragile and more vulnerable to damage compared to
copper wires. You’d better not to twist or bend fiber optic cables too
tightly.
Distance
The distance between the transmitter and receiver should keep short or
repeaters are needed to boost the signal.
 Future scope
• Fiber optic technology itself continues to develop alongside the increased demand for
greater speed and efficiency.
• New devices called optical couplers and optical switches support a new
communication trend called AON, or all-optical networks.
• This technology allows data to be transmitted without any electrical processing, which
in turn can result in farther transmission distances.
• Temperature sensors used in wearable devices and smartphones also use fiber optic
technology. According to the research firm Markets and markets, this sector of the
technology will be in high demand for healthcare equipment, energy companies, and
the automotive industry.
• As a result, it is expected to grow by more than $2 billion over the next five years.
And as new inventions become commonplace, new needs for fiber optics will present
themselves.
• A Research and market study determined that the compound annual growth rate for
the fiber optic market could reach 8.5 percent by 2025, meaning more industries will
be looking to the solutions presented by this technology.
References

 https://www.nai-group.com/future-of-fiber-optic-technology/
 https://www.thefoa.org/tech/ref/testing/Instruments/instr.html
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_power_meter
 https://www.edrawmax.com/article/communication-diagram-uml.html
Thank you