UNIT-I

An Operating System performs all the basic tasks like managing files,
processes, and memory. Thus operating system acts as the manager of all
the resources, i.e. resource manager. Thus, the operating system becomes
an interface between the user and the machine. It is one of the most
required software that is present in the device.

Operating System is a type of software that works as an interface between

the system program and the hardware. There are several types of Operating
Systems in which many of which are mentioned below. Let’s have a look
at them.
TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEM

Batch Operating System

Multi-Programming System
Multi-Processing System
Multi-Tasking Operating System
Time-Sharing Operating System
Distributed Operating System
Network Operating System
Real-Time Operating System
1. Batch Operating System
This type of operating system does not interact with the computer directly. There is an operator which
takes similar jobs having the same requirement and groups them into batches. It is the responsibility of
the operator to sort jobs with similar needs.
• Advantages of Batch Operating System
It is very difficult to guess or know the time required for any job to
complete. Processors of the batch systems know how long the job would
be when it is in the queue.
Multiple users can share the batch systems.
The idle time for the batch system is very less.
It is easy to manage large work repeatedly in batch systems.
Disadvantages of Batch Operating System
The computer operators should be well known with batch systems.
Batch systems are hard to debug.
It is sometimes costly.
The other jobs will have to wait for an unknown time if any job fails.

Examples of Batch Operating Systems: Payroll Systems, Bank Statements,

etc.
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2. Multi-Programming Operating System

Multiprogramming Operating Systems can be simply illustrated as more
than one program is present in the main memory and any one of them can be
kept in execution. This is basically used for better execution of resources.
Advantages of Multi-Programming Operating System
Multi Programming increases the Throughput of the System.
It helps in reducing the response time.

Disadvantages of Multi-Programming Operating System

There is not any facility for user interaction of system resources with the
system.
3. Multi-Processing Operating System
Multiprocessing is a system that has two or more than one processors. In this, CPUs are
added for increasing the computing speed of the system. Because of Multiprocessing,
there are many processes that are executed simultaneously. Multiprocessing is further
classified into two categories: Symmetric Multiprocessing, Asymmetric Multiprocessing.

Insymmteric multiprocessing: a specific task is allocated to particular processor, not

every processor can do all the task.

Symmetric multiprocessing: all the processors can do any task allocated to it.
Advantages of Multi-Processing Operating System

It increases the throughput of the system.

As it has several processors, so, if one processor fails, we can proceed with
another processor.
Disadvantages of Multi-Processing Operating System

Due to the multiple CPU, it can be more complex and somehow difficult to
understand.
4. Multi-Tasking Operating System
Multitasking Operating System is simply a multiprogramming Operating
System with having facility of a Round-Robin Scheduling Algorithm. It can
run multiple programs simultaneously.
There are two types of Multi-Tasking Systems which are listed below.
Preemptive Multi-Tasking
Cooperative Multi-Tasking
Advantages of Multi-Tasking Operating System
Multiple Programs can be executed simultaneously in Multi-Tasking
Operating System.
It comes with proper memory management.

Disadvantages of Multi-Tasking Operating System

The system gets heated in case of heavy programs multiple times.
Multitasking is the methodology of executing multiple tasks or processes
concurrently over a period of time. Preemptive and cooperative multitasking
are two types of multitasking. In preemptive multitasking, the operating
system can initiate a context switching from the running process to another
process. In other words, the operating system allows stopping the execution
of the currently running process and allocating the CPU to some other
process. The OS uses some criteria to decide for how long a process should
execute before allowing another process to use the operating system. The
mechanism of taking control of the operating system from one process and
giving it to another process is called preempting or preemption
In cooperative multitasking, the operating system never initiates context
switching from the running process to another process. A context switch
occurs only when the processes voluntarily yield control periodically or
when idle or logically blocked to allow multiple applications to execute
simultaneously. Also, in this multitasking, all the processes cooperate for the
scheduling scheme to work.
Let’s see the difference between preemptive multitasking and cooperative
multitasking.
 S.NO Preemptive Multitasking Cooperative Multitasking
.
1. Preemptive multitasking is a task Cooperative multitasking is a type of
used by the OS to decide for how long computer multitasking in which the
a task should be executed before operating system never initiates a context
allowing another task to use the OS. switch from a running process to another
process.

2. It interrupts applications and gives In cooperative multitasking, process

control to other processes outside the scheduler never interrupts a process
application’s control. unexpectedly.

3. The operating system can initiate The operating system does not initiate a
context switch from a running process context switch from a running process to
to another process. another process.
4. A malicious program initiates an A malicious program can bring the entire
infinite loop, it only hurts itself system to a halt by busy waiting or running
without affecting other programs an infinite loop and not giving up control.
or threads.

5. Preemptive multitasking forces In cooperative multitasking, all programs

applications to share the CPU must cooperate for it to work. If one
whether they want to or not. program does not cooperate, it can hog
the CPU.

6. UNIX, Windows 95, Windows NT Macintosh OS version 8.0-9.2.2 and

operating systems are examples of Windows 3.x operating systems are
preemptive multitasking . examples of cooperative multitasking.
Difference between Multiprocessing and Multiprogramming:
S.NO Multiprocessing Multiprogramming

1. The availability of more than one The concurrent application of more

processor per system, that can execute than one program in the main memory
several set of instructions in parallel is is known as multiprogramming.
known as multiprocessing.
2. The number of CPU is more than one. The number of CPUs is one.

3. It takes less time for job processing. It takes more time to process the jobs.

4. In this, more than one process can be In this, one process can be executed
executed at a time. at a time.
5. It is tightly couped .sychronization is No sychronization is there
there in multiprocessing.
6. The number of users is can be one or The number of users is one at a time.
more than one.

7. Throughput is maximum. Throughput is less.

8. Its efficiency is maximum. Its efficiency is Less.

5. Time-Sharing Operating Systems
Each task is given some time to execute so that all the tasks work smoothly. Each user gets
the time of the CPU as they use a single system. These systems are also known as
Multitasking Systems. The task can be from a single user or different users also. The time
that each task gets to execute is called quantum. After this time interval is over OS switches
over to the next task.
Advantages of Time-Sharing OS
 Each task gets an equal opportunity.
 Fewer chances of duplication of software.
 CPU idle time can be reduced.
 Resource Sharing: Time-sharing systems allow multiple users to share hardware resources such as
the CPU, memory, and peripherals, reducing the cost of hardware and increasing efficiency.
 Improved Productivity: Time-sharing allows users to work concurrently, thereby reducing the
waiting time for their turn to use the computer. This increased productivity translates to more work
getting done in less time.
 Improved User Experience: Time-sharing provides an interactive environment that allows users to
communicate with the computer in real time, providing a better user experience than batch
processing.
Disadvantages of Time-Sharing OS
Reliability problem.
One must have to take care of the security and integrity of user programs and data.
Data communication problem.
High Overhead: Time-sharing systems have a higher overhead than other operating systems
due to the need for scheduling, context switching, and other overheads that come with
supporting multiple users.
Complexity: Time-sharing systems are complex and require advanced software to manage
multiple users simultaneously. This complexity increases the chance of bugs and errors.
Security Risks: With multiple users sharing resources, the risk of security breaches
increases. Time-sharing systems require careful management of user access, authentication,
and authorization to ensure the security of data and software.
Examples of Time-Sharing OS with explanation
IBM VM/CMS: IBM VM/CMS is a time-sharing operating system that was first introduced
in 1972. It is still in use today, providing a virtual machine environment that allows multiple
users to run their own instances of operating systems and applications.
TSO (Time Sharing Option): TSO is a time-sharing operating system that was first
introduced in the 1960s by IBM for the IBM System/360 mainframe computer. It allowed
multiple users to access the same computer simultaneously, running their own applications.
Windows Terminal Services: Windows Terminal Services is a time-sharing operating
system that allows multiple users to access a Windows server remotely. Users can run their
own applications and access shared resources, such as printers and network storage, in real-
time.
6. Distributed Operating System
These types of operating system is a recent advancement in the world of computer
technology and are being widely accepted all over the world and, that too, at a
great pace. Various autonomous interconnected computers communicate with each
other using a shared communication network. Independent systems possess their
own memory unit and CPU. These are referred to as loosely coupled systems or
distributed systems. These systems’ processors differ in size and function. The
major benefit of working with these types of the operating system is that it is
always possible that one user can access the files or software which are not actually
present on his system but some other system connected within this network i.e.,
remote access is enabled within the devices connected in that network.
Advantages of Distributed Operating System
Failure of one will not affect the other network communication, as all
systems are independent of each other.
Electronic mail increases the data exchange speed.
Since resources are being shared, computation is highly fast and durable.
Load on host computer reduces.
These systems are easily scalable as many systems can be easily added to the
network.
Delay in data processing reduces.
Disadvantages of Distributed Operating System
Failure of the main network will stop the entire communication.
To establish distributed systems the language is used not well-defined yet.
These types of systems are not readily available as they are very
expensive. Not only that the underlying software is highly complex and
not understood well yet.
Examples of Distributed Operating Systems are LOCUS, etc.

The distributed os must tackle the following issues:

Networking causes delays in the transfer of data between nodes of a distributed system. Such
delays may lead to an inconsistent view of data located in different nodes, and make it
difficult to know the chronological order in which events occurred in the system.
Control functions like scheduling, resource allocation, and deadlock detection have to be
performed in several nodes to achieve computation speedup and provide reliable operation
when computers or networking components fail.
Messages exchanged by processes present in different nodes may travel over public
networks and pass through computer systems that are not controlled by the distributed
operating system. An intruder may exploit this feature to tamper with messages, or create
fake messages to fool the authentication procedure and masquerade as a user of the system.